Running finally has to contend with something every sport with equipment deals with. Yes, wood golf clubs have been replaced with metal ones, but they still have limits on the elasticity of the clubface and ball, and the allowable groove designs so as to keep things within reason. Swimsuits provide no energy to the wearer, but ones that make you extra slick and bouyant have been banned. It's not always so black and white. The options aren't limited to accept everything or everyone gets nothing
In the research study the participants were shown to have a longer stride and thus take fewer steps for a given pace. Maybe they just felt more comfortable overstriding on a marshmallow shoe and that explains it. OR maybe the shoe doesn't just provide energy return in the traditional Boost sense, but in fact maybe the carbon plate provides energy redirection. So, what is normally a vertical rebound and wasted momentum/energy is redirected in a more horizontal plane. The mental image would a ball dropped on a trampoline vs. a ball dropped on a trampoline that's tilted on to a diagonal plane. Which ball will move forward further?
If this is the case, I could see an avenue towards claiming unfair advantage outside of "simple return energy" and something that could be clearly identified and legislated. Not that it will, but that's the way it's sometimes handled in other sports. It also goes without saying that this hasn't been proven either way, so maybe it's just placebo and people are suckers. Hard to say.