Okay, so it's about a year later, and I came across this thread while I was actually looking for a different one, but I thought I'd give everyone an update.
I left the program I was in, and my life is now better in literally every single way. It's not that the program I was in was difficult; it was just a waste of time. I didn't "drop out" so much as I made a career move. I'm now learning more, earning more, making more connections with more powerful people, less stressed, getting more sleep, am appreciated for the work I'm doing, and am happier all-around. I think most people here and elsewhere have this idea that grad school is hard, and while it might be for a lot of people, it was not for me. School has never been hard for me. One of the biggest sources of frustration for me was actually that it was too elementary, that my fellow grad students were dimwits and the professors had little to offer me. I was also dealing with harassment, sabotage, and slander. Now that I'm on the outside and work for a private company, my bosses don't care if I'm kind of a weird guy or if I have my own ways of thinking. They are delighted to have a motivated individual who shows up to work every day, gets the job done, and improves the system before him to make it both faster and more accurate. The project I'm currently a part of would have collapsed without my involvement (or someone like me), and my superiors (and coworkers) recognize that. It's counter to how it is for most people, but academia actually stifled my creativity and did nothing positive for me. I left because I recognized this and knew staying another two years would be a waste of my time.
Overall, I think 90% of my problems were specific to the particular program I was in and a few very problematic people in it I was required to interact with, and I'm actually looking at other programs to possibly enroll in in another 1-3 years.
FWIW, the program I was in when I wrote my OP sort of collapsed the semester after I left. A number of students lost funding and quit, and those who stayed were left scrambling. It was a disaster. I got out before this happened, so I actually feel fortunate.
I do appreciate all the input I received in this thread (and the others like it). It was a horrible time in my life, one I never want to return to. Dear god. Good luck to everyone who reads this.