Standard deviation...ah yes, yet another possible way of cracking the measuring nut. Rather than get into particulars, know that the system refined over time has produced accurate courses that hold up under validation. I'd call that the bottom line.
The .1% IS arbitrary but seems to be just the right amount to ensure things are long enough. Food for thought: no measurer can tell you EXACTLY how long a course is they just measured. We don't know. We know using our system gets things long enough AND has proven to more accurate than any other system devised (unless it's a flat, straight course).