For one thing, I'm not impressed by that video—if that ball really is steel, it should bounce a heck of a lot harder off of concrete. Anyone who's played around with a ball bearing will know that. But that's neither here nor there—the more important thing is that this new "boost" foam may just be a more purely elastic material.
Energy return by itself is not quite as important as the stiffness of the surface. There was a great study by a guy at Harvard in 1979 that looked at how varying surface stiffness can affect running speed. He found that, when the stiffness of the surface was on the same order of magnitude as the stiffness of the runner's legs (treating them as a simple spring), performance is slightly enhanced. Extremely hard surfaces don't really slow you down, but an extremely soft and springy surface will slow you down a LOT if the stiffness of the surface is lower than your leg's stiffness.
You can think of it in terms of the TIMING of the energy return: An extremely stiff surface, like concrete, basically doesn't "store" any energy at all. The energy you put into the ground just rebounds up almost instantly as impact shock. An extremely soft surface will still be deflecting downwards as you try to push off of it, which robs you of energy that you'd rather be using to actually lift your body off the ground—imagine running on a mattress or gymnastics mat. But, according to the Harvard study, if the stiffness of the surface is "just right"—that is, if the surface deflects and rebounds JUST as you push off—you'll get a little bit extra energy back.
Now, whether ADIDAS' boost technology accomplishes this is highly dependent on the stiffness of the shoe and also the speed you run, the surface you run on, and how much you weight. So a 250 lb hobby jogger's "sweet spot" at 10-minute miles is different than a 140 lb elite distance runner's "sweet spot" at 4:30/mi. Perhaps in the future we'll see shoes that are tuned to various weights and speeds!
Finally, all of the above treats surfaces as purely elastic, which of course they aren't. Even this boost technology probably is still more of a viscoelastic material.