Take a close look at where the people (mens side) who made the US team for Osaka live:
MEN
800:
1. Los Angeles
2. Eugene
3. Los Angeles
1500:
1. Virginia
2. Tucson
3. Austin
5000:
1. Tucson
2. Madison
3. Portland, Or
10000
1. Mammoth Lakes
2. Boulder
3. Eugene
The womens' side is similiar, with even more people (Deena Kastor and Jen Rhines) from Mammoth Lakes.
The two primary places are Mammoth Lakes and Eugene/Portland for distance people, and mid distance people are in Los Angeles, Tucson, or Knoxville. And keep in mind why athletes often live where the live: Lagat is in Tucson because Dr. James Li is at U of Arizona, Treniere Clement and Hazel Clark are in Knoxville becasue JJ Clark is there, and it's the same thing for Alan Webb. 3 of the 6 people in the 10000 are in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Massachusetts.
Geography and Altitude are secondary. The most important thing is the availability of a top-flight coach, access to facilities and physical therapy, and a good cultural situation.
Practically nobody who is anybody in the US comes from the places you mentioned (except Madison).
Boulder? It has become the wannabe-has been capital of the US, where you can find a whole environment full of people with outsized egos who don't want to train very hard and sit around coffee shops and whine about how everyone who actually goes out and works for their results are all on drugs--the same attitude you find mostly on letsrun. Dr, Vigil would not even coach in Boulder for the reasons I've mentioned. The whole place just feels sleazy, and I don't even want to spend a day there to race (nice track at CU); I'd rather go to Provo (nicer track at BYU).