There's a lot of evidence. I would point you towards studies on influenza infection, because it's been around for a long time and has been studied more. You can look at studies on the common cold too. If you're just interested in studying how particles are spread through the air, you can look at research on hazardous materials exposure.
I find your last quote a bit perplexing. It's not like we aren't putting our energy into studying antiviral drugs and vaccines. Your sentence is also a little fragmented, so I'm not sure I understand. You seem to be implying that we aren't studying antiviral drugs and vaccines.
If you want a made up example of how social distancing works, I can give you one. Let's say an infected person exhales aerosol particles containing coronavirus at 1000ppm, and his exhalation is the average for a human. 500mL. That 500mL of infected air disperses away from that person into the atmosphere. At a distance of 1-feet, the 500mL has expanded to 118L. So, the density of coronavirus has dropped from 1000ppm to 4ppm. At 6-feet, that volume has increased to 26kL, and the density of coronavirus has dropped to 0.02ppm. You have decreased your exposure to the virus by 200x if you change your distance from 1-foot to 6-feet.
What we don't know is how many aerosolized particles a sick person exhales, and we don't know how much exposure is likely to get you sick. But, the science undoubtedly says you are at lower risk by social distancing.