I'd argue that the idea that black people are deserving of heavier policing based on the idea that they are more likely to commit crime is false.
Consider marijuana charges:
So white and black people generally smoke marijuana at roughly the same rate.
Black people are more likely to be stopped and illegally searched, and if they're found with marijuana they're more likely to be arrested.
When arrested for the same crime, they are statistically more likely to be convicted. An when convicted, they are statistically more likely to be incarcerated. So despite the fact that 10-15% of whites use marijuana and 10-15% of blacks use marijuana, a higher number of blacks might be convicted of a drug charge, despite the fact that there are more white people.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/06/04/the-blackwhite-marijuana-arrest-gap-in-nine-charts/?utm_term=.53414c132f6dSo black people might be convicted of crimes at a higher rate, but those numbers have obvious problems, because they are a product of our entire system of policing. If you police people more heavily, you'll catch more crimes, etc.
(I think everything I mentioned is covered in the post article)
The 3.5x figure from the UC Davis study does control for other non race related factors. Otherwise, it wouldn't be much of a study.
I agree with you that cops are more likely to have to shoot someone. No matter how you interpret the original question it doesn't make sense to ask.
Ultimately it comes down to this: I don't believe that any one racial or ethnic group of people is inherently more violent. And I grant that minorities are more likely to live in situations that lead to crime, and so crime rates are likely higher among minorities. Although not by nearly as much as rates of conviction would indicate. It's not a cut and dry issue, but because of my above belief I think that we have to try to solve it. One step is to stop unwarranted racial bias in our policing, and limit the use of force with better police training and better screening of officers.