It's a funny game. IQ is in fact one of the best single predictors of job performance, slightly better than even prior experience or interview performance in a number of studies. (I used to hire people, so looked into the research.) However, putting your IQ on your resume is a terrible idea - it makes you look socially incompetent and weird. Employers want to find people who have high IQs, but not the ones who are out-of-step enough with the game to say so on a resume.
(In my personal view, there's nothing intrinsically wrong with putting your IQ on a resume. It's a useful signal, in a context aimed at self-promotion, so why not? But the thing is, a lot of other employers will think it makes you look weird. And you should have known that. Since you didn't, you probably actually *are* weird/out of touch. And in fact, that may have been the reasoning of those other employers as well! So this may be a somewhat arbitrary social convention. But even someone who isn't personally bothered by a breach of convention may still take it as a signal that you have other undesirable characteristics.)
So you need to find other ways to signal that you have high IQ without coming out and saying it, or making yourself look like a dweeb in the process. The classic one is success at previous jobs. Being able to talk competently and insightfully on a range of topics. For a first job, academic awards. Maybe you could get away with an LSAT/GMAT/MCAT score depending on the field and if you're early in your career, I'm not sure. Or if it comes up in the interview, maybe you could mention how much you enjoy chess and solving math problems for fun? (mostly joking on that one)
Interestingly, some tech jobs solve this problem by basically giving candidates an IQ test during the interview - e.g. having candidates solve brain teasers and whiteboard algorithm problems. Candidates often complain that the content of these exercises isn't directly related to the jobs they're being hired for. That's true. So are these billion dollar companies just idiots? No, it's an intelligence test. It's a way to find smart employees who aren't weird/clueless enough to put an IQ on their resume.