Another thought -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin
Therapeutic human erythropoietin was initially isolated and purified from urine in 1977. In 1983, the gene coding for erythropoietin was identified by a team headed by Fu-Kuen Lin at U.S. biotechnology company Amgen. Researchers at The Genetics Insitute (now part of Wyeth) independently discovered the gene at approximately the same time. The resulting patent dispute led to Amgen gaining exclusive marketing rights for erythropoietin in the U.S. Recombinant DNA technology was used to express the protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells, which allowed a synthetic form of EPO (rEPO) to be produced in commercial quantities for the first time.
Recombinant EPO was launched as a pharmaceutical product by Amgen for treatment of anemia resulting from chronic renal failure in 1989 under the brand name Epogen. In 1991 it was also approved for treating anemia resulting from cancer chemotherapy. However, recent clinical studies on patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and breast carcinoma, in addition to relevant basic science research have demonstrated that patients whose tumors are positive for the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) may be at increased risk of tumor progression (metastatic spread) if treated with Epo. Johnson & Johnson (J&J), an American pharmaceutical company, markets EPO under license from Amgen for cancer chemotherapy under the brand name Procrit. Amgen’s patents have so far prevented other companies from entering the U.S. market. Even though the patents are all based on work done in the early 1980s, the last of them will not expire until 2015, thirty-two years after the date of the original application.
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By far the most common side-effect for any EPO products is fever. Also, use of EPO products can lead to an increased chance of the formation of blood clots (see below). Headache, nausea, vomiting, and delerium are also common side-effects. These generally subside after 2-3 days. Fever lasting longer than 3 days or rising above 103 degrees Farenheit should be reported to your physician immediately. Concomminant use of aspirin with EPO products is encouraged to reduce the chance of clotting.
All forms of recombinant erythropoeitin are expensive. A dialysis patient, who can expect to require lifelong EPO treatment, will pay up to $10,000 per year for the drug in the U.S. Cancer chemotherapy patients, who require EPO for shorter periods, pay about $1,000 per month in the U.S. Worldwide revenues for sales of EPO were over USD$10 billion in 2004[1]
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Addtionally, This year Amgen has developed a drug called dynEPO.
If Dynepo becomes available as a pharmaceutical product in 2006 as expected, it may be a boon to doping athletes. It is to be manufactured in cultured human cells and should thus have an authentic pattern of human glycosylation, making it undetectable by the current test method.