Well not answers in the way you are expecting. The ultimate answer to all those questions is "lean not on your own understanding". God wants us to choose to trust him. That is just the way it is. Why? It doesn't matter because you can't change the fact that it just is that way. Back to the father/child analogy, you don't always tell your kids absolutely everything in its full and potentially very gory detail, even if they ask for it. Sometimes it is better that they don't know the fully gory truth until they are mature enough to understand it and handle it. The God/man relationship is this way as well.
You should read Ecclesiastes if you have not already. Its only a few pages. The questions you ask are by no means unique to the modern age. We have more experience with science so the number of questions may increase, but they all boil down to "God, why!?!?" Here are some related highlights:
There is something else meaningless that occurs on earth: the righteous who get what the wicked deserve, and the wicked who get what the righteous deserve. Ecc 8:14
Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man. For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil. Ecc 12:13-14
You should credit God because he is the "I am", because nothing that has been made was made without him, because one day you will die and be righteously judged.