the bulk of the performance gain is not from the foam, it's from the plate, and no, no researcher has ever proved it's the foam by itself, they just wildy speculated (and the alphafly and prototypes at Doha prove you don't need any foam at all under the forefoot during toeoff)
the reason why previous plates failed or not as good as Nike is because it took three generations of academic researchers eventually working for Nike that figured out the curve to the plate
the curve changes everything, as subtle as it is, it actually prevents the fatigue and eventual injury from a straight plate on the MTP joints
then Nike patented the heck out of it to prevent retail competition and tuned it a bit more in "next5%" and even further for alphafly
other shoe companies can and have put plates in the shoes, adidias had the proplate a decade before Nike and it was even carbon-fiber but it does not have the curve and it's at the wrong layer/level in the shoe to really give full effect
same thing for the hoka carbon rocket which first model was out before vaporfly even existed but they also have a straight plate
many other shoe companies have now put a plate, possibly with a curve, into prototype shoes for their sponsored pros
but they can never ever bring a curved plate to market, they'd be sued to death
people are going to watch other companies send out their pros in shoes and perform as well as vaporflys eventually, but then people will buy those shoes and find hey wait it's not as good
nike now owns the market and if that's the case, they have to be stopped because then it's not a level playing field at all
either Nike releases all patents/rights or ban plates for all brands (actually there is a third option, China or "wild west" country can just ignore Nike patents and make their own)
https://i.imgur.com/ub3dFgg.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/MND7CIw.gif