I preface all of this with the caveat that I do not hold myself out to be an expert on any of the matters here under discussion.
Yellen, when commenting on the adverse effect that current fiscal policy is having on the employment picture:
"And monetary policy has tried to do what we can to offset that. But, you know, the linkages aren't as strong and aren't as quick as we might ideally like them to be."
CYA at its best, but nevertheless, it is IMO an entirely valid generalization.
ryan foreman, there is no way to meaningfully compare the Japanese economic, fiscal, or monetary policy with that of the US, without a careful consideration of Japanese culture and its essential differences with that here in the US. Almost everything in Japan has been driven by culturally normative values and behaviors.
"I think the capacity for Americans to NOT spend and still live a reasonably comfortable life is massive."
This is a value-laden statement, and steers the discussion into a consideration of what is reasonable and comfortable. Basically, the Fed has a limited number of tools to influence the money supply, and has essentially maxxed-out the use of these tools and is now backing off, because they had backed themselves into a corner--or, 3 corners, to be precise. Once in these corners, they left themselves room to maneuver in only one direction, in each of 3 dimensions: 1) QE (open market operation) rose to the level where it realistically could only be adjusted in one direction--down; 2) after Lehman the required reserve ratio could only realistically go, and has only gone, in one direction under Basel--down; 3) discount rate can only go in one direction from 0%--up.
So not only have the monetary tools been maxxed-out, but their "linkage" to economic indicators are understood as not being "as strong or as quick" as might be desirable to produce the desired effect.
"We don't see a high CPI because the inflationary force of the Fed and budget deficits is offset by a massive deflationary force."
We don't see a high CPI because things that are volatile, yet which have shown a trend to do nothing but increase over time (food, energy, etc--and I would include non-sales and excise taxes), are excluded from the CPI. It is easy to find an economist who believes the real rate of inflation to be around 8% or 9%. There is IMO significant inflation at the moment. Reasons for governmental use of the artifically-low CPI abound, including the minimizing of government liabilities arising from CPI-driven adjustments.
So IMO "a massive deflationary force" is not the reason we don't see a high CPI. Consider the fuel situation, just as happened in Japan who were very dependent on mideast oil: there has been dramatic inflation over the past years. Credit might be given to Americans who have recently exploited domestic energy sources, but it must be remembered that the energy market is global, and prices are set globally. It is true that demand may be falling and supply rising, and to that extent your increased productivity argument may have some merit in indicating a deflationary force--but averaged over a period of, say, 5 or 10 years (definitely since 1999), there has been significant inflation, which appears to continue notwithstanding US domestic efforts and decreased industrial activity in China.
In other areas, yes, there has been an increase in productivity over the past few years, but IMO it has been more than offset with the decrease in potential productivity over the same period, with the massive unemployment and underemployment and decreased labor force participation. Those people still need, and still do consume, "essentials"--thus supply may have increased to some extent, but demand has increased yet further IMO. I do not argue that there has been sector-specific deflation, but overall, the level of inflation might be measured by the level of social spending undertaken by the US government, which has done nothing but increase in recent history--and again, that increase has been artificially minimized by use of the artifically-low CPI. Just ask SS recipients.
"People are spending less for the good and sensible reason that they don't have the money and banks aren't loaning them money." Are people in the aggregate spending less? No. US consumer spending has increased dramatically since mid-2009. Where does the money come from? Wealth concentration at the top, subsidy at the bottom, and the middle remains in stasis.
IMO we are in a period of inflation, and there is little to be done via monetary policy. The traditional levers of control are no longer as effective, because the situation has been let go to seed. The only real effect of the recent articulation of monetary policy is on the short-term markets.
Where am I going with all this? Interest rates have nowhere to go but up, and Yellen gave a timeframe for that. Inflation is present, and significant. Unfunded public liabilities continue to increase at a staggering rate. From where will the money come to pay for all of this? QE? The government ran out of money a long time ago. Discount rates? Can't get any lower than zero. From bank activity, through change to the required reserve ratio? The feds are in Basel as we speak, trying to find out how to tweak that one--it was already effectively unlimited for a time, and that ended up being more expensive than the alternative.
Solutions come from such areas as currency devaluation, default, tax increase, renegotiation of the social contracts of SS and Medicare, etc.--ALL of which suggest a crash, to me.