“The image of a band of brothers, burgeoning brains hungry for meat and effortlessly chasing down a panting antelope is undoubtedly a romantic one, but not necessarily the basis for a sound theory of human evolution. As with most complex issues, the truth probably lies somewhere between the extremes. Endurance-running may well have been the ‘unintended’ consequence of multiple traits that were initially selected for another purpose or purposes. While it seems unlikely that human intelligence is a direct consequence of persistence-hunting, it is clear from the !Kung people that the practice can be a huge advantage under the right circumstances. These data, coupled with those from paleo-archaeological studies, raise the possibility that the cause and effect relationship may be the other way around! Perhaps, it was the combination of a body selected to walk or carry weights, and growing human brain that made persistence-hunting possible, not only by improving tracking abilities but enabling hunters to seek out environments suited to endurance-running?”