I live in the midwest (elevation 500ish feet) and regularly visit my in-laws in the southwest at an elevation of 3,200 feet. We go out there about twice a year.
Each time I arrive, my first couple of runs are noticeably tougher. My breathing is just a little bit more labored, and my HR is just a little bit higher. But for the second half of the trip I feel like I have pretty much adapted. I'm sure a true adaptation would take longer than a week, but my breathing and HR are completely back to normal.
As far as any kind of training boost, I would say little to none.
Now many years ago I lived at 7,000 feet, and that was a noticeable adjustment after I had been gone for a while. Likewise, going back to sea level for a couple of weeks left me feeling like an aerobic superman.