On the one hand, I don't think a club system would work in the U.S. unless it was resourced as well as the current high school and collegiate systems.
On the other hand, I think schools should get out of the business of sports. I am fine with having intramural competitions and physical education in schools. However, I think the focus in schools should be on education, not sports. So, no more massive stadiums, gyms, tracks, administrators, coaches, and lawyers making sure they are within the Title IX guidelines for every high school and college. Also, no more athletic scholarships, particularly for foreign runners. Why the heck should my tax dollars should go to educate a foreign student rather than a citizen of the U.S.? Take some the savings and focus it on actually educating students. What a concept.
Take the rest of the money and build community resourced athletic facilities. So rather than have multiple stadiums, tracks, etc. have just one or two. Let the coaches vie for jobs in a community centered program. Set and enforce standards of education, experience, performance, and morality. Also, I think getting on fewer teams would be much more competitive so you would have the talented and/or determined athletes on those community clubs.
Have competition among cities and communities which would foster local pride as well as press notice. I think you would end up with sufficiently resourced facilities, better coaches, better athletes and more community support.