Structuralism: the structure contributes to or even creates the meaning. Literary example would be Catch-22. See Sergei Eisenstein's work on structuralism in film, in which he juxtaposed a medium-close shot of an expressionless person against various images, such as newborn babies, train wrecks, houses on fire, etc. Test subjects ascribed different reactions to the person which reflected the juxtaposed image, when in fact the person's facial expressions were identical (it was the same exact shot).