The Spanish runner doping discussion slightly reminds me of Alejandro Valverde, one of the winningest Spanish road cyclists of all time... who won a lot of races already during tail end of the Armstrong era, was associated with Operation Puerto in 2006, even banned for a couple of years, and so on.
But kept winning, kept being competitive, during the "clean new era" of cycling even into his mid to late 30s - he even won the 2018 world champs road race and was 2nd in the 2019 Vuelta (!). I haven't followed cycling for a few years, but it seems he only retired from elite road cycling a year or so ago, at the age of 42, still competitive in the one day classics based on his 2022 results.
One of those guys that seems to have be an absolute top talent, and surely took good care of nutrition etc. during his career, but who almost certainly also doped to the limit "allowed" in each era. Never went all the way to the real "rocket fuel", at least in his youth, but generally stayed on the healthy side of things?