Maybe this will help, a quick paper I wrote for a government class a while ago:
Rethinking Title IX
“Without Title IX, I'd be nowhere.” Cheryl Miller, Olympic Basketball star. Equality based on race, gender, or whatever is always thought of as a positive thing, but can it be taken too far? This question is one that is hotly debated among NCAA coaches, athletes, and fans now. Originally thought of as a marvelous piece of legislation that allowed women’s sports to be taken to a higher level, it is now seen as a sport killer by some. But how can a piece of legislation that laid the foundation for Mia Hamm and the U.S. Soccer team, many of the stars in the WNBA, and athletes like Cheryl Miller to succeed, be thought of as negative? To see why we must first define what Title IX is and does.
Title IX is a piece of legislation that was enacted in 1972 as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. The purpose and idea behind it was to give women an equal opportunity to participate in collegiate sports. It was to be accomplished through various changes, most notably an increase in scholarships given out to women athletes. In looking at the women’s side of it, it has been a smashing success. Participation by women in collegiate athletics has increased by four fold since it was enacted. Scholarships for women have increased from virtually non existent to having more than men in several sports in a direct comparison. The problem arises in how this legislation is enforced now. The legislation insured this progress because it required schools to show that they were complying with the legislation by ONE of the three ways:
1. Participation ratio- where the school compares the ratio of male to female students to the ratio between male and female participants in the athletics program.
2. Expansion- The school has to show that they have in the past and are actively expanding women’s sports. An example would be adding women’s soccer to the athletic program
3. Accommodation- The school accommodates the abilities and interests of the female sports.
Notice that schools have to meet one of the three compliance regulations. Instead of being enforced how it was intended, the focus has become on meeting the participation ratio and other quotas that have been established. This in turn hurts minor men’s sports because schools have to hit certain quotas in order to comply with the law. However this was not how the original piece of legislation was supposed to be enforced. This can be seen in the legislation itself which states:
“Nothing [in the law] shall be interpreted to require any educational institution to grant preferential or disparate treatment to the members of one sex on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of that sex participating in or receiving the benefits of any federally supported program or activity, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of that sex in any community, State, section, or other area.”
This clearly defines that quotas should not be used as the sole basis to comply with the legislation. However, these quotas are precisely the problem. And who pays for them? The minor men’s sports do. The legislation that set out to equalize sports is creating a larger and larger divide. This occurs because of the participation ratio that basically say that if a school has a population that is 55% women and 45% women, then the sports at the school have to represent that breakdown exactly. The problem in this is that that is not how real life works. For various reasons, in general men like to play sports more than women. Therefore there will be more men who want to participate in sports proportional to the overall percentage of men in the school, and then there will be women who want to participate. This enforcement leads to several problems.
In order for schools to comply, they have to create more women’s sports and recruit more women to play, which if they don’t want to then that is a tough task. This is a major flaw in the enforcement, because interest in kicking a soccer ball or throwing a baseball/softball is not equal along gender lines. If it was then college teams would not have to introduce little known women’s sports and then hand out full athletic scholarships to women who have never even done that sport in their life! Imagine having your whole schooling paid if you participate on the fencing team, even if you never have even seen anyone fence before. Does that smack in the face of the point of a scholarship that is supposed to be earned. That happens to reach compliance. Or they can take the easy route and cut men’s sports until they reach the magic participation ratio. Guess what route most schools take? As of 2002, 171 men’s wrestling teams, 45 men’s track teams, 80 men’s tennis teams, and men’s 70 gymnastic teams have been eliminated. They are eliminated to cut the amount of scholarships that are given to men and the amount of men’s participants. By cutting men’s sports schools can get closer to the magic ratio and quota. In addition to having to comply with participation ratios, schools also have to comply with scholarship ratios, but that is another topic to be addressed later.
Title IX is a piece of legislation that had good intentions when it started. As time has passed, the enforcement and compliance with Title IX has been altered so that it no longer is carried out the way it was intended. Instead of promoting equality in sports among both genders, it now hurts both genders. Men’s sports are being cut left and right in order to obtain compliance. This is doing nothing for women’s sports as the original intent of the legislation would be to increase the number of women’s sports, not cut men’s. However this does not occur. The legislation needs to be rethought and tweaked in order to accomplish the goal that it originally had, to help BOTH men and women. Both genders opportunities should be brought up to a higher level. They should not be dropped to a lower level to become equal. The solution is complex but in looking at the situation one key element sticks out that is a roadblock to reaching the ideals that the legislation originally had. That element is football, and in the next essay we will see what solutions can be brought about by addressing this one issue.