For those interested in the topic, here's a reference on the sub-treshold runs (Healthy Intelligent Training, K. Livingstone, p. 84):
Certain days were designated as higher aerobic effort days. For instance, on Mondays
and Fridays, 10 mile (16 kilometer) “steady state” efforts were to be run at a good
effort, which at the start of the “buildup” might mean runs of 65 minutes on Monday
and 62 minutes on Friday for Magee. By the end of 8 weeks, these steady state runs
were covered in a natural progression at 58 minutes and 55 minutes respectively.
Nowadays we’d call these runs sub-threshold tempo runs, or marathon-pace medium
distance runs.
On those days that didn’t have a longer run, it was very common to supplement with
a very easy morning run of half an hour to an hour. Some athletes ran twice a day on
every day except Sunday, with excellent results.
Great New Zealand athletes, such as Quax and Rod Dixon, also employed similar runs,
and both confirmed with Barry Magee in recent years that they would end up covering
these “keystone” runs at closer to 52 minutes by the end of the build up phase because
they were capable of faster high-aerobic efforts. This was solid training, not racing,
and definitely not a threshold run.
Lydiard devised an “effort” system that would accurately describe the level of effort
required for any scheduled run. He expressed levels of perceived exertion by simple
fractions. A steady long run or general aerobic run could be described as 1/4 effort:a hard time trial during final race preparations would be 7/8 effort. A strong run for an
hour at 3/4 effort during the aerobic base would be equivalent to a run just below the
anaerobic threshold, or marathon pace.
Many North American and European runners who purport to train on the Lydiard
system mistakenly run their effort runs a little too hard.
The idea is always to push up an energy system from below.
The safest and most effective pace to push up the aerobic ceiling, and therefore the
anaerobic threshold with it, and therefore increase the time we can hold our VO2 max
at, is under threshold: strong “3/4 effort” runs of about an hour, at about 90-95% of
anaerobic threshold speed- or, really, “marathon pace,” are the best.
“Marathon training” does not only apply to distances run – it also very much refers
to aerobic effort levels run.