The diameter of the hole with Olympic plates is about 2” or a radius of r=1”, so letting d denote the depth of the hole, it’s volume is pi.r^2d, and letting q denote the density of the filling, the added weight of the filling will be the volume times the density, or pi.r^2dq.
d and q are not standardized, so you’d need that information specifically for the plate in the question.
You probably could get a good estimate by figuring out the area that is missing relative to the total area of the plate.
the thickness is not uniform throughout. would be a bit more complicated to solve than total area.
Not really hard if you know what the plate is made out of.
Measure the missing cylinder height & radius. Volume is pi * radius squared * height. I would assume it's made of iron, which is about .255 lbs per cubic inch, according to google. Add that value to the labeled weight of the plate.
Google says: Barbell sleeves are 50mm, so that's your radius. And 45lb plate is 1.3" thick (33mm). So my rough math says about 4 lbs for the missing hole, which would be 49 lbs for the full plate with out the hole. Math could be off; haven't had any coffee yet.
Very good pre coffee math. Using your numbers for density, thickness of the plate, and diameter of the hole the amount of material removed is about a pound.