How about some more history on autologous blood transfusions published in 1972...the year Lasse Viren won the first of his 4 gold medals at the Olympics:
1972-B.Ekblum,et al. Response to Exercise after Blood Loss and Reinfusion.Journal of Applied Physiology.1972 Aug;33(2):175-80. publishes about hemoglobin changes and exercise performance changes after blood transfusions. In the same year, Lasse Viren wins the 5k and 10k gold at the Olympics, and repeats both wins in the 1976 Olympics. There were suspicions of transfusions by the Finns, but we will never know for sure...
Read more:
http://www.letsrun.com/forum/flat_read.php?thread=6881090&page=57#ixzz45U7RY8DA
Do you just hate injections?
What if you could just take a pill...and have it work just like EPO injections... to raise RBC and hemoglobin levels?
As it turns out....you can!...
2009-2015-development of EPO mimetic peptides such as peginesatide and CNTO530 and development of orally active Hypoxia Inducible Factor(HIF) stabilizers. You can just take a pill which works like EPO. The Company Fibrinogen has compounds FG2216,FG4592, and FG4497, which stabilize HIF by inhibiting the enzyme prolyl-hydroxylase, which is involved in the breakdown of HIF by the ubiquitin proteosome pathway. HIF is a transcription factor which increases the gene expression of about 200 different genes, including the gene for EPO. So increased levels of HIF2alpha signals cells in the kidney to increase transcription of Erythropoietin(EPO), which travels to the bone marrow and binds to progenitor cells, and increases erythropoiesis, the production of new red blood cells, which is how HIF stabilizers work.
Another compound involved with HIF is cobalt chloride, which also acts as a HIF stabilizer, is orally active, but is not recommended, as it is toxic to the gastrointestinal system,thyroid, heart, liver and kidney and may cause cancer. There is now a blood test to test for cobalt levels.
Other recent research is looking at inhalation of the noble gases Argon or Xenon as HIF activators of erythropoiesis. They have both been used by Russian athletes, and both compounds have recently been banned, although I don't know if there is a test for them yet...The cheaters are always finding new ways to cheat and the testers are always trying to find new ways to test....
For further reading..check out: Simon Beuck,et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers and other small-molecule erythropoiesis stimulating agents in current and preventive doping analysis. Drug Testing and Analysis 2012 Nov;4(11):830-45., from their special issue on Sports Drug Testing for Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents and Autologous Blood Transfusion... many interesting articles in this issue....
Read more:
http://www.letsrun.com/forum/flat_read.php?thread=6881090&page=57#ixzz45U9YiRMt
Do you think any runners or other athletes in other sports are taking HIF stabilizers today???
...You bet your expensive Italian outfit they are!!!...