UK male joggers warned over approaching women from behind

How about a three-word approaches. I'm stabbing you!

The most important is we over analyze an issue that isn’t an issue at all.

A Glock is the only way to ward off every mugger.

It's a tough one. Yelling 'on the right' or 'on the left' or 'runner' tends to mean people either freeze or move unpredictably. Annoyingly this is often even the case in Parkrun events with lots of loops with people not keeping left.

There aren't a huge number of runners where I run (lots more dog walkers) but I try and keep a wide berth on the overtake on both for both people feeling safe and not getting surprised and moving unpredictably.

When on trails I always try to make noise or say something because you definitely scare people even if they don't have headphones. Especially if it's leafy it's hard to hear people coming behind you.

On the man/woman issue one amusing thing that I still remember from college was coming up behind a 40ish year old couple walking side by side. Either I didn't make enough noise or forgot to it was a dirt path I think I assumed they would hear me. As I passed the woman calmly looked at me while the man shrieked like a 5 year old and leapt 3 feet to the side into the weeds by the trail. Nice reverse stereotype lol

Carry an air horn and HONK loudly as you get close behind. Assert your dominance.

I actually do this out of courtesy sometimes but at least half the time they're wearing ear buds. Then she goes you scared me.

I just say something like "a jogger passing through."

I don't like to startle people, so when I used to run I would try to make my presence known by shuffling/kicking something/making a noise with my feet so they would know I was approaching from behind.

The thing that startled me the most on a run was a horse sticking its head through a hedgerow when I ran past. It was dark and misty and the horse's face just appeared a few feet away from mine and it snorted at me. I said "on your left" but it just looked puzzled and annoyingly stepped to the right. The next time I saw it I said "I'm behind you!" and it rolled its eyes and whinnied.

What about cyclists? There are more on the pavement, than on the road, in the UK? Well, in that case, to ring their bell, would be the answer. But, wait a minute, cyclists these days don't have bells, or at least I've never heard one for years and years.