If you scroll down in the thread I've just shared, you'll find a link where you can download the collected training wisdom of John Kellogg--a very long 250+ page PDF. Here's some of what he has to say about long runs. Sorry for the formatting; that's what happens when you copy and paste from a PDF:
Workout Purposes - Long Runs (over 95 min.)
As with all regular easy runs, long runs should be started at a slow pace. A slow pace requires
fat metabolism, while faster speeds use glycogen (carbohydrate) as the principal fuel source.
Balancing fat and glycogen utilization is essential for marathon races, obviously, but it also is
important for training purposes. The pace in the middle of a long run must be kept decent but
even and very comfortable (about 65%-68% of the range from resting HR to max HR). It is vital
to never struggle until the distance itself becomes tough. The pace should not be a problem, even
for most of a marathon race!
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During a long excursion, it is prudent to practice taking 4-6 ounces of water from squirt bottles
(or even from cups) about every 3 miles. About 150-200 meters before the bottles are reached,
the pace should be picked up slightly so as to allow for a little harder breathing without
hyperventilation. The effort should be kept aerobic throughout, but the deeper breathing affords
the chance to practice a valuable technique. Adding an extra final exhalation during a slightly
increased pace for 30 or so seconds gets rid of some of the air in the lungs which has participated
for the longest time in the gas exchange. This air gradually acquires a higher percentage of
carbon dioxide during prolonged moderate aerobic effort, which may lead to a gradual increase
in breathing frequency (a phenomenon called "ventilatory drift"). Exhaling a little harder and
longer through pursed lips for 30-45 secs. every few miles provides better oxygenation on
subsequent breaths by clearing the "dead" air and increasing the interthoracic pressure. Using a
water station as the pace pickup point is applicable to marathons, particularly elite races or
crowded races which feature traffic jams at the water tables. Top level runners are also always
making minor moves (and occasionally major ones) in marathons, so obtaining the ability to vary
the speed comfortably can pay off handsomely.
It is paramount to remain relaxed on all long runs, with the jaw loose, and breathing through
the diaphragm. A lot of this sport is neurological, so relaxation is essential. The nervous system
must be trained to initiate the mobilization of the proper muscle fibers and go to different energy
sources as the run gets longer. After 2 hours, the slow twitch (ST) fibers become somewhat
fatigued, even at a relatively easy pace, forcing more fast twitch (FT) units to be recruited as the
distance piles up. Over time, this allows the FT fibers to become oxidative by enhancing fuel
storage capability, increasing mitochondrial enzyme (as well as the sheer size and number of
mitochondria themselves), and multiplying the number of blood vessels per fiber.
The effect of FT fiber recruitment during a long run is important for races as short as 1,500
meters, and the benefit can be magnified by picking up the pace by about 10 secs. per mile for
each of the last 2 miles. This helps counteract ventilatory drift at the most critical time in the
long run, and it brings even more FT fibers into play. More carbohydrate is used as fuel at faster
speeds, as well, so gradually picking up those last couple of miles trains the body to use the
muscle fibers and the fuel sources in the same sequence that they will ideally be used in a race. A
few light buildups can be inserted in the last mile of a long run if desired, rather than using a
pace pickup over the final few miles.
Occasional long tempo runs can be performed if preparing for a marathon race. Usual long run
guidelines follow on these; i.e., start slower and finish faster, with the bulk of the run at the target
(marathon) pace or a few seconds per mile faster. Most people do easy long runs when preparing
for marathons, but it’s somewhat unrealistic to go into a marathon without having had some
moderately long outings at the goal pace! In practice, these seem to yield the best results if 3-4
such runs are used, spaced about 3 weeks apart, with the last coming roughly 3 weeks prior to the
marathon race itself. The first long tempo effort should be 12-13 miles in length, the second
about 15-17 miles, and the third from 17-18 miles (possibly up to 20 for a very experienced
marathoner, or if the run is done at least 3 weeks prior to the goal race). A fourth long tempo of
13-17 miles can be added in there somewhere, but remember to get plenty of recovery between
these efforts and balance them with other workouts. Long races (such as 25K-30K) can serve as
tempos provided the pace is kept under control early on. These runs also provide the chance to
practice taking fluids while running at race pace, and to experiment with pre-run foods or fluids
which will possibly be used on race day.
Lots of carbohydrates should be taken following a long run (and the next day, as well). This
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will necessitate plenty of water, since carbs are "thirsty" (2.7 grams of water are needed to
properly load each gram of glycogen). Sufficient protein intake should also be maintained to
promote tissue repair, especially during periods of high mileage.
A short to medium length easy run the day before a long one is the usual policy. Three or four
light buildups on this run often help the legs feel a little springier and stronger on the long run
the next day. It doesn't hurt to have an easy long run come the day after a race of 5K or less,
either, but longer races may be too stressful to the muscles to follow with a long day. It's
generally best to think of long days as hard days, regardless of pace.
A very short, very easy "shake-out" run should normally be done on a soft surface the day after
a long outing. It also helps greatly to get in a swimming pool right after the "shake-out" and do
some easy flutter kicks, leg crossovers, and deep water running. This works out some kinks
without impact, and the water is also a little therapeutic. Water running delivers a strong torque
and actually helps build bone density. The "shake-out" jog can be skipped altogether in the event
of extreme muscle fatigue or incipient injury. This very short (or nothing) day provides the
chance to replenish some red blood cells which may have been crushed in the capillaries in the
feet during the long run. This is known as "march hemoglobinuria", so called because armies that
do 30-50 mile marches often have this problem and the killed red cells get passed through the
urine.
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