- 1500m, 5000m & 10000m at the last two Olympics (the only two since the ABP was introduced) were won by those who lived at sea level as adolescents.
- Calf muscles might be over stated, athletes from Peter Snell to Matt Centrowitz to Kenenisa Bekele all have muscular legs (particularly muscular calves) as did Brahim Lahlafi. What is more important is hip flexor muscle size in proportion to quads. These smaller calves have seen a decline in performance since 2009 but big chunky guys like Solinsky have found ways to improve economy and narrow the gap with elite East Africans. That is hardly a good explanation.
-Didn't Rupp get third in the Olympic Marathon? Might have come second if not for Salazar's distractions.
-EPO works because you have more oxygenated carrying capacity in your blood. In reverse causality you can then train harder thus also increasing your stroke volume.