Maybe the terms change meaning only after they have entered your ears.
Sorry for the length, but you are missing so many clues, it is at both laughable and yet concerning how oblivious you are to it. It's most surprising, given your self-proclaimed legal credentials, that you fail to recognize the latitude granted to ADAs and ADOs by WADA at virtually every level at the expense of even the most diligent athlete. It's almost like you never really read anything.
Contrary to your suggestion, both the criteria when forming the list, and the list itself, is subject to interpretation, and the athlete can never be certain how an ADA or ADO or a CAS Panel will interpret it.
Is the list objective to the athlete?
Side question first: What if the list is not available in the athlete's mother tongue? It is literally subject to interpretation before the athlete can consult it. But let's continue in English.
Before you even open the list, WADA's website has an "Important Disclaimer" "If a Substance or Method is not defined in this list, please verify with your Anti-Doping Organization."
The contents of the banned substance list starts with a default blanket ban of "Any pharmacological substances which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections ...". Are "supplements" considered "pharmacological substances" requiring "approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use"? The supplement industry is risky because it is largely unregulated, but will their use cause an automatic ADRV? If the Lichtenstein health authority approves a substance, is it then OK for all athletes? Not being explicit or objective, it will be subject to interpretation during adjudication.
All of the remaining sections frequently contain non-specific open ended inclusions like "including but not limited to" and "other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s)", etc.
Some banned substances are permitted by some routes but not others.
Some banned substances are permitted in some sports, but not others.
Many substance ingredients can go by different names, which cannot be found in the list.
Many sections include exceptions that may be difficult to interpret (e.g. All Cannibinoids except Cannabidiol).
Is the criteria for the medical experts objective?
The criteria as explained by WADA contains so many lawyer words with wiggle room, like "may include" and "potential to enhance" and "potential health risk" and "spirit of the sport", it cannot be rationally argued that the expert advice is strictly according to "objective" "specific criteria".
There are many exceptions that arguably meet two out of the three criteria, which are not banned, e.g. caffeine and sugar and thyroid supplementation.
Even water objectively has both the potential to enhance performance and the potential to be harmful to health, yet it is freely available to all participants at every road race, despite the potential health risk of dropping dead from hyponatremia.
Bananas enhance performance, but anyone can choke, or slip on the peel, potentially causing quite serious harm to health. Is that silly? That is subject to interpretation.
Some drugs meet none of these criteria, but simply "mask the effect or detection" or might be banned for "not (being approved) for human use", or might be banned based on reflecting "current ... doping practices".
For reference with italic emphasis added to the show wiggle words that allow subjectivity:
Note, neither WADA, nor it's consulted committee of experts are required to justify which criteria was considered, nor establish whether that criteria was actually met.