I have presented as supporting evidence, the entirety of race performances in track and field, combined with the entirety of known doping.For reference here is the context and set of ideas I am challenging:1) The "proof" that EPO works at the top for East Africans2) is because it works at the top for everyone3) and because it works in the middle in studies4) The proof that EPO works in the EPO-era is the massive improvements in performancesFor further context, (I don't offer as proof, or proven, but just as context) Renato suggests:5) EPO can bring you to about 90% aerobic fitness quickly6) Too much EPO can degrade performance as the blood viscosity thickensMy observation, consistent with the evidence of race times is that:- # 2) above is generally not well supported by what we observe in race times during the EPO-era. Many populations stagnated during the EPO-era. This might be (hypothesis and conjecture) because "EPO works" is undermined by factors like #6, and diminishes "at the top".- the massive improvements in # 4) above is not due to EPO but several other significant factors, including many unique to East and North Africans.The circle in the circular argument is broken by comparing non-Africans to their 1985 predecessors. Non-Africans ran slower than Africans by a lot, and some of them ran faster than 1985 non-Africans, by a little.I suggest, as a hypothesis, and not scientific conclusion, that the expected effect of EPO "on top times" is not more than what non-Africans ran after 1985 compared to before 1985, using the entirety of race performances as evidence to support this hypothesis.I present on its face, without supporting evidence, my assumption that the effect of EPO on top East Africans "on top times", cannot be more than non-Africans.I go further, at my own professional risk, and suggest that intuitively, the effect of EPO should be less for altitude dwelling East Africans, than sea-level non-Africans.In your four scientific choices, I chose "EPO might work on both Africans and non-Africans". The next step is to understand when it works, and when it doesn't, and how much can we expect.Let's try to look at it another way, since you pretend to be a much better scientist than I am: Suppose you were a PhD Physiology student assigned to write a thesis that explores "The impact of EPO on elite American track and field during the EPO-era". Hold yourself to your own high scientific standards. You will start looking at the top for evidence of impact, presumably by looking at top times, or maybe just top places, and then finding that American track and field generally stagnated, even regressed, during the EPO-era, you will relax your scientific integrity, and start looking deeper and deeper into the middle, only to come up with a handful of best examples, and a studies done on your undergraduate classmates. You might mention testimony from amateur Christian Hesch, Dutch-American master Eddy Hellebuyck, maybe mention the Kenyan-American Lagat's botched A-sample, the Moroccan-American Trafeh, maybe attempt to stain the not yet found dirty Moroccan-American Khanouchi, and female sprinters taking steroids like Marion Jones. And you will get a C- for a shoddy report that is more gossip and innuendo than a valuable scientific contribution, only because the professor liked your previous contributions. Or, conceding that you cannot find any alleged impact, you might come up with a bunch of excuses why you can't find any impact, because it is masked by pre-EPO era steroid use and blood transfusions, or the general decline of track and field participation, or the wrong direction of training. The student who will get honourable mention will be the one that explores "Why do we think EPO impacted elite American track and field during the EPO-era?" And not just America, but Europe -- with their top EPO-award winning indoor European record holders, and their imported Moroccan Belgian Mourhit -- and Australia and New Zealand, Japan, Russia, and all of the remaining countries left behind by the East and North Africans. You would struggle to find any evidence of the EPO impact in running, outside of the improved performances by East and North Africans, and then, if you are a good scientist, you will recognise the laundry list of confounding factors undermine that the cause was truly due to EPO.Why ignore the women? First, the OP said this thread was about the men. Second, several confounding factors not controlled: steroids, placebo, pace making, lack of maturity of sport, lack of depth, lack of rivalry, and regular cycle of fluctuating hormones and loss of blood and iron.Why don't studies settle it once and for all? Population sample not "at the top", and confounding factor "training" not controlled.Why ignore race-walkers? It's a different sport with different physiological limiting factors. Why look at race-walking (or worse, cycling) to draw conclusions about running? Why not look at running? Confounding factors not controlled: steroids, placebo, lack of maturity of the sport, lack of depth at the top, lack of rivalry.What about Olympic champions caught with EPO? Proofs by example are a start, but need further corroboration -- could be supported by looking for trends in the aggregate. Confounding factors not controlled: steroids, placebo. Best (only?) example of an aerobic drug producing a world record is the technical event of "3000m steeple"?What about sub-elite runners like Lombard and Hellebuyck? Below 1970's world standards, they don't belong in a discussion "at the top".