There were NO Italians born and living in altitude. However, when we speak about the top Italian of the period 1985-1995, and of Baldini (who won HM WCh in 1996 and Olympics in 2004), we speak about athletes who used several period of altitude training every year (for example, 5 times 3 weeks followed by 3 weeks at sea level with some competition).
I was not the one following Baldini or Bordin in direct way. Their coach was Luciano Gigliotti, I think the only coach who had two different athletes winning Gold in different Olympic Games (1988 and 2004). We used worked together, and I know very well all the blood data of the two athletes. I already pointed out that Bordin won Olympics in Seoul with 12.9 Hb and 39.7 Hct, while for Baldini the values were around 15 and 44.
This fact clearly demonstrates that high Hct is not connected with the level of performance, and that every "average" is a bullshit. For example, while Bordin was able to win with Hct under 40, Genny Di Napoli (still National Record Holder of 1500m with 3'32"78) was normally at level of 18.5/19, and 51/53, and when had Hb at 17.5 was in anaemia...
What I saw with Chinese too is that athletes improving dramatically after a long period in altitudes (about 2 months) in Duoba (2400m), competed with blood values LOWER than before going altitude, while other athletes that increased gthe level of Hb and Hct at the end were not able to run at their previous level.
In Italy we had, during the period 1978-1985, some experience with the auto-transfusions, following what Finnish athletes did at the beginning of the seventieth. However, not all the best Italian accepted to follow the protocol of Conconi. During that period, athletes winning everything, such as Alberto Cova (ECh 1982, WCh 1983, OG 1984, World Cup 1985) NEVER went to altitude, preferring a training in Finland at sea level. During those periods, there were the take-off of blood, which had to be injected again in the circulatory system about two weeks before the race.
We must think that, at that time, that practice was legal, and only at the end of 1985 was outlaw, so we can't consider the athletes as "doped".
One of the athletes used the system was Salvatore Antibo. When in 1985 he stopped this practice, he started to go altitude (South Africa in winter, Sestriere during summer), and his performances improved dramatically.
Athletes such as Stefano Mei and Francesco Panetta always refused the auto-transfusion, and were able to win WCh (Panetta) and European Championships (Mei). EVERYTHING HAPPENED BEFORE THE EPO ERA.
If I had some doubt about the fact that there is not really connection between high Hct and performance, this doubt disappeared when I could see the Adams data of Arne Gabius : in 16 blood tests (during 4 years), he never had any fluctuation (Hct between 41.6 and 42.8), ALSO IF THE LEVEL OF SHAPE WAS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT. Arne had the same values when was out of shape (with very little training coming from a period of two months without training for injury) and when was able running 13'13" in 5000m or the German record in Marathon (2:08:33). This means that the influence of Hct on the performance doesn't exist.
If nobody can deny that with high Hct there is the possibility to increase the transportation of Oxygen, we need to accept the fact that, at the same time, increasing the Hct we decrease some other physiological parameter, and at the end the final effect on the performance not always is positive.
We can say that we have RESPONDERS to high Hct, but also NOT RESPONDERS, who, in spite of this, can improve their performances.
Why this can happen ? This is exactly what physiologists don't know, and don't know because they refuse to study the effects of TRAINING of high level, in altitude, but also at sea level (Arne Gabius normally remained in Kenya for periods longer than two months during winter, the same in summer in Saint Moritz).
Why I don't believe in the effects of EPO with the best runners living and training in altitude ? Because I had, and have, proves of unbelievable increases of performances in very short time for athletes completely clean (don't continue to ask me how I can be sure they didn't dope : we were together in the same apartment in Saint Moritz, for long periods, and I know everything everybody did, because it was a situation without secrets).
Nicholas Kemboi moved from 28'19" to 26'30" in two months of training, every day with me, in altitude. Shaheen was with me practically every day of his athletic career, bettering the WR and winning 28 following races of steeple in 5 years. Moses Mosop was with me in Kenya or Saint Moritz always, from when he won bronze in WCh 2005, till when won Chicago Marathon in 2011, running 2:03:06 in his first marathon in Boston, and after 40 days destroying the WR of 25000 and 30000m on track.
Can I really believe that, giving EPO, these athletes could run faster ?
Yes, I don't have any proof that EPO doesn't work also with these athletes. But nobody can have the proof that EPO could work.
Many speak about Rita Jeptoo as example. Rita started with me very young, in 1998 (she was only 17), and continued with me till the end of 2006, when got married, left the camp in Iten and went home in Mosoriot.
In 2006, during the preparation for Boston, she was able to run, in one day, a "Special Block" with, in the morning, 10 km in 35'50" + HM in 1:11:50, and in the afternoon, 10 km in 34'56" + 6 times 2000m on track with 2' recovery, between 6'18" and 6'12", for a total of about 54 km. I NEVER SAW SOME ATHLETE TRAINING SO HARD. She had problem of Visa before going Boston, and her race was cancelled till the day before, when suddenly her Passport with the Visa arrived in the Milan Airport. I was coming from Antalya in Turkey, where I was lecturer for the European coaches during the European Challenge of 10000m, and I received the communication Rita had the Visa from the office of the manager, who asked me to wait in the Airport somebody bringing Rita's passport, while Rita tried to arrive on time for boarding. She arrived Boston 7 hours before the race, didn't go to sleep, started the race, attacked after 30 km, WON THE RACE WITH 2:23:36 AND RAN THE FASTEST LAST 12 KM OF THE MARATHON INCLUDING ALL THE MEN (if you don't believe, go to control the splits).
For me, she could already run in 2:20 in 2006. Why I have to give merit to EPO for winning Chicago and Boston in 2013 and 2014 ?
Understand my position in a correct way : I AM THE FIRST ASKING FOR BANNING THE CHEATERS FOR 4 YEARS, I ALSO ASK THAT ALL THE RESULTS THEY HAD BEFORE THE FINDED DOPING CAN BE CANCELLED, so I'm not somebody defending cheaters. But they need to be banned BECAUSE AGAINST THE ETHICS AND THE SPIRIT OF SPORT, not because had advantage with EPO.
Believe me, when athletes taking EPO have big jumps in their performances, there is not only EPO. Look at steroids, that have effect particularly with women. Look at GH. But, with tough and smart training in altitude, forget that EPO can produce amazing effects.