I volunteer in this process mostly helping poor and minority kids make the most of the "unfair" opportunity they are offered to get into top schools. I was a 4:15 mile/1270 kid, who got into an Ivy in the good 'ol days on sports/financial aid. I chose the Ivy over state only on the advice of a mentor, who followed local hs track. My school changed my life, and I am thrilled to give back. If you are interested, check out the Questbridge website. This is a national program that matches aid with top low income students. It is an amazing resource, and one of the 'best ever' non profits.
I also work with some wealthy kids, on referrals/friends&family, on how to tailor their applications to get into the best schools.
Your applicant above, especially if white working class means less than $150,000 per year income, would normally get into 8 out of 10 top schools, if their app was decent.
Even though it's amazingly difficult, a 1600, top 5 in class, wealthy Asian can basically get into 1 out of 10 of the top schools with good apps.
Sometimes rejections are puzzling, but as long as the 1 success happens, it usually works out.
A friend's daughter with 1550 sat was rejected in early process by both Tufts and Yale. Her app basically said "I did sports and extra curriculars in hs to strengthen my college app, but in college I will only focus on academics, as this is important to my family."
We tailored a better app for regular decision and she got into Brown, Swarthmore, Chicago and Pomona. Ended up choosing CMU, who surprisingly offered her a nice merit scholarship. Now in Phd program in a California school.
The system is not necessarily fair, but if an applicant does their homework you can still 'play the system' to achieve your goals.