H'm. I would say accelerated ability to recover from injury, lack of natural fatigue and an unnatural ability to recover from hard efforts, not seeming tired after what should be hard efforts, unusual consistency without down races, and an odd arrogance that you expect to win every race even if it does not make rational sense.
Recovering quickly after the finish is one, except very fit natural athletes can do this
A weird arrogance about winning and competition is one trait. Think of Lance aggressively challenging how many tests he had v others and how he won
I feel like sometimes this gets muddled when you cross the line in first. Often times those wins feel effortless and that's why you won, because it was just smooth for you, or maybe it hurt a lot but suddenly a new wave of "holy sh!t I just won" adrenaline surges is and you're waving to the crowd and stuff
I would say the biggest tell is quick recovery and appearance of minimal effort at maximum exertion level.
This is absolutely, 100% not a sign of doping. It's just what it looks like to be the class of the field. Take the athletes you see doing this, and (assuming they're doping), make them go clean and compete a tier down. It will look exactly the same.
No they won’t. Maximum effort is just that - maximum effort. You run into oxygen debt. To relieve this you have to bring in more oxygen! To bring in more oxygen you…breathe harder, your muscles become fatigued, you strain. People are human - they aren’t robots. PEDs allow an athlete to modify their blood chemistry. This is why they are not allowed. When you alter your chemistry, you alter the amount of load to your system. If you see an athlete run a 3:48 mile with a 51 last lap and they exhibit barely any sign of fatigue, they are doping.
With respect to anabolics like testosterone, the tell tale sign is pronounced deltoids. Of course, you need to compare the person's before and after pics because some do have naturally sculpted delts, but generally speaking its a dead giveaway. This is especially true among distance runners who tend to lose so much muscle up top resulting in the muppet arms with undersized shoulders.
I quit TRT after several years for a variety of reasons. The biggest downside was losing those delts and traps and to think I was on a relatively low physiological dose. Vanity is a powerful thing!
You described Tuohy but I don't really think she is doping. You also always point out sudden jumps but there is no data to support that. Somebody who is willing to chest would most likely start as a teenager and then get the taste of success.
So much of what to look for depends on the event, but I would rely on statistics first, connections to dopers second, and then physical appearance.
Age curves are something that exist. In a sport almost 100% based on physical ability and not skill, the best performances typically come when an athlete's body peaks at 24 or 25 years old. There is some slight variability to this when you factor in how an athlete was developed. Typically, the biggest jump in development comes during the college years (18-22) or when an athlete is first out of college (22-24), but the big jumps can be slightly earlier or later. For example, someone like Jakob Ingebrigtsen was maxing out training and rapidly improving at 17-18 years old. While his best time of 3:27.14 came at 22 years old, he is effectively running a very similar time to his 3:28.68 from when he was 19. He hit his peak earlier. On the flipside, someone might develop slightly later if they were undertrained/missed a lot of time due to injury in college. I would use Emily Mackay as this example. She never hit 40 miles in a week until she was 24 and is only just now reaching her peak at 26. Now, this doesn't mean that an athlete necessarily has their best time at 24 or 25. If they stay healthy, they can continue to improve over a 6-7 year window, but the improvements are going to be very incremental. More likely, in the 24-30 window, the best an athlete can hope to do is stay healthy and maintain their peak. Injuries are also a factor. Athletes can come back better than ever from them when they are still young. It gets harder come back in their late 20s, and they are pretty much career-killing after 30 (not running, but Mike Trout comes to mind). A miraculous recovery from a significant injury after 30 is a super big red flag.
Connections to dopers goes without saying. Dennis Mitchell is coaching all three women on the USA 100 meter team. The massive doping allegations against Mitchell were well-known before all three women started training with him. In that sense, the doping is a feature and not a bug. On a slightly lower tier here is Bowerman Track Club. There were no known doping allegations against Jerry before most of the athletes joined the team, but then when Shelby got popped, you had to wonder about her top training partners who were right there with her in workouts.
Finally, physical appearance is the hardest one to pin down. Different drugs do different things to your body. Certain physical attributes are more desirable in one event as opposed to another as well. The vast majority of male sprinters used to look hulked out, but, now, with better doping control, most of the really great sprinters are much leaner (think Justin Gatlin vs. Andre DeGrasse), although that doesn't necessarily mean they are not still doping, just not as blatantly as they were before. Distance runners may have an overall extreme lean-ness to them, or significant visible muscle tone on a very thin body. This is really hard to tell, but physical changes over time are telling here (Shelby at Arizona State vs. Shelby in Doha or Barry Bonds on the Pirates vs. Barry Bonds hitting 73 HR). Then, you have the HGH making the jaw jut out so badly that athletes need braces as adults. Or certain steroids producing a hollowed out look through the cheekbones (see Valarie Allman at Stanford vs. today). Really, you look for certain physical changes once you know you have the first two items.
I was pointing this stuff out two years ago. If you do not want to be suspected of doping, then don't perform like a doper and do not show telltale signs of it. Maybe pretend to act tired after what should be a major effort. LOL. This board is in full suppression mode at the moment, but that's the nuts and bolts of it. There happens to be one runner who checks every box, and the rest is lame deflection.