Cause and effect is a difficult thing to show in running research. Some original research in South Africa compared 3 groups -- those who had been averaging 50km a week, others who averaged 100km a week and a group that had been doing 150km a week. The 150 a week group proved to be more economical. However, the question is, were these runners already more economical, and maybe they were the ones who felt more confortable doing more mileage, which only meant that the more economical runners ran more mileage -- was there cause and effect? In addition, as I remember economy was tested at fairly slow speeds. When we compared 800/1500 runners to 10k and marathon runners we found the shorter-distance specialists to be more economical at faster speeds and the longer-distance runners more economical at slower speeds -- seems pretty logical that you get more economical at speeds you train more at, or do those who are more economical at faster speeds migrate towards shorter distance races? A not so positive finding was when, in 1993, we brought back our 26 elite subjects from 1968 research, we found their economy not to be as good (at age 49) as is typical of younger (24 yrs) runners. One 49 year old had a 76 VO2max compared with his 78 max at age 24. We hope to find some funding to again test this group -- they are all about 60 yrs old now. Hard to say you automatically get less economical as you age, even though it sort of makes sense since you probably don't train as much, nor do strength training, etc like you may have earlier. Maybe less flexible also so stride mechanics may have changed. Most important finding is that you must continue to exercise, which is better than not, even if you gain weight, you must keep active with aging.