Stay safe & healthy! Here's some information i encountered created by a Genome Sciences PhD candidate in Seattle who is closely tied in with the incredible people performing surveillance testing and genetic analysis on circulating viral strains here in Seattle. Heads up; it was posted on FB on March, 9th.
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The info and recommendations summarized below come from researchers at the front lines in the fight against this global (and local) pandemic.
Terminology:
Coronavirus/SARS-CoV2: the name of the virus itself
COVID-19 : the illness caused by the virus
Are coronavirus outbreaks limited to just a few US cities?
Seattle may appear to have been hit the worst by the outbreak, but this is almost certainly due to a much higher level of testing here than anywhere else in the US. Some amazing academic researchers took it upon themselves to develop or adapt platforms for high throughput coronavirus testing and worked with local government officials to be able to do so in an official capacity. This article summarizes the work being done by various (truly amazing) groups:
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00676-3
The big takeaway here is that Seattle only appears to have been hit the worst because we have massively scaled up testing. Until only a few days ago, only those who had direct contact w/ an infected patient or history of travel were able to be tested. Though the federal government has lifted these restrictions (
https://www.nytimes.com/…/politics/trump-us-coronavirus.html
), tests are still in short supply, leaving the choice of who gets tested up to state & local officials (I am not sure what role healthcare professionals play here).
The second big takeaway is that if you live in a major city, an outbreak is very likely already underway. This is summarized amazing well in this thread (
https://twitter.com/ScottGottlie…/status/1236473220783636481
), by Dr. Scott Gottlieb, the former FDA Commissioner. A few remarkable points: “In the last 10 days Italy diagnosed 95% of total cases they now report; South Korea 85%. 2 weeks ago, Italy had just 9 cases. 7 weeks ago, China reported 50 cases. The point: once the epidemics are discovered, they’ve been underway.”
Think about that. 2 weeks ago, Italy had reported 9 cases. Since then, 366 people have died, 133 of them today. Total number of infections is at 7,375. There were many, many more than 9 people infected in Italy 2 weeks ago. Today, Italy enacted emergency laws banning travel in and out of Lombardy and other major provinces, including Milan and Venice. They banned large gatherings including weddings & funerals, and closed museums, gyms, pubs, etc. (
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51793619
)
The point is, there are many more cases than have yet been reported in every major city, and it is NOT too early to act. Strict quarantine measures have been effective at curbing the spread in China, and had they been enacted earlier, many lives could have been spared, and the undoubtedly massive economic impact of this pandemic could have been reduced.
How widespread is the outbreak within US cities?
Our best estimates come from Seattle, where researchers have been sequencing the genomes of the viruses from infected individuals to understand how the virus has been spreading. This work is led by Dr. Trevor Bedford, who has done a phenomenal job of communicating these findings to the public (
https://bedford.io/blog/ncov-cryptic-transmission/
). To summarize, viral genomes (analogous to our DNA) acquire mutations (changes in sequence) quickly. These mutations are unlikely to impact viral behavior (it likely won’t become more deadly, for example), but they make it possible to track chains of infection (who got the virus from whom). The virus sampled from the second person (WA2) to test positive in Washington was genetically similar to the virus sampled from the first confirmed infected individual in the state (WA1), strongly suggesting that the WA2 virus was a descendant of WA1. What was alarming about this is that the second case emerged 6 weeks after the first one: this means that person 2 was not directly infected by person 1 -- the virus had been circulating in the community for 6 weeks undetected! The latest estimates based on projections from these sequences and others put the total number of predicted infections in Washington states in the high hundreds (
https://twitter.com/trvrb/status/1236096904678633472
). As is shown clearly in this Twitter thread, exponential growth predicts the number of cases exploding over the next few days if steps are not taken to limit contact between individuals.