"The results of the meta-analyses supported the hypotheses derived the differential socialization theory of moral reasoning that men would report having cheated more than women and that men would have more positive attitude s toward cheating than women. However, although the attitudinal gender difference was reasonably large , falling into the range of value s categorized as medium by Cohen (1992), the behavioral gender difference was much smaller, falling into the range Cohen (1992) categorized as small. In addition, we found that behavior effect sizes varied as a function of several study characteristics. The mean effect size was smaller (essentially zero) for observation studie s than for self-report studie s; the mean effect size was negative for studies conducted in traditionally male- dominated business and economics classes, indicating that men cheated less than women in those courses, and positive for other courses; and the mean effect size was larger for studies conducted outside the United States than for studies conducted in the United State s. We also found that behavioral gender differences had remained relatively stable from the 1960s to the 1990s, whereas over the same time period, men’s attitudes toward cheating had be come more positive than women’s." from an article on gender attitudes toward cheating.