Mo Farah - very good article from Irish Independent

It's all going to come out. Be sure of that. A storm is rising.

Trondheim wrote:

It's all going to come out. Be sure of that. A storm is rising.

Hope you are right.

But I have my doubts. People are so fricking corrupt.

Question:

1) Has Lord Sebastian heard anything from his friend Sir Craig Reedie at WADA about the identities for the 211 BLOOD AND PLASMA BAGS from Operation Puerto and Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes???

Sir Craig Reedie, CBE (born 6 May 1941) is a British sports administrator, noteworthy as the current president of the World Anti-Doping Agency, a former Chairman of the British Olympic Association (1992–2005) and a Vice-President of, and a serving representative on, the International Olympic Committee.[1]

In his sporting life, Reedie gained success playing badminton from 1962 to 1970, culminating in becoming a doubles champion. At the time, badminton was not recognised as an Olympic sport, a situation his influence was able to remedy in 1985, leading to the first medals being awarded at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

After his success as a player, Reedie turned his efforts towards sports administration and from 1981 to 1984 he was President of the International Badminton Federation (IBF). In 1992, he became the Chairman of the British Olympic Association (BOA), serving in that capacity for more than a decade, and for which role he was knighted on retiring in 2005. In 1994, in addition to his British role, Reedie joined the International Olympic Committee (IOC), where he is currently one of four United Kingdom representatives, the others being HRH the Princess Royal, Sir Philip Craven and Adam Pengilly.[4]

In addition to his post on the IOC, Reedie was also on the board of the London 2012 Organising Committee, the body tasked with preparing for the 2012 Summer Olympics that were held in London. He was also appointed to the Board of the Olympic Lottery Distributor in 2006.[1] Reedie also served on the Evaluation Commission for the bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics which was won by Rio de Janeiro. He also led the Evaluation Commission for the 2020 Summer Olympics that were awarded to Tokyo over Istanbul and Madrid, the three remaining cities on a shortlist that previously included Baku, Doha and Rome.[5]

In 2008, Reedie hoped to gain admission to the Executive Board of the IOC, the supreme body of the Olympic movement. This was considered essential, in view of the need for smooth communication between the London 2012 organisation and the decision-making authorities of the IOC. He stepped down from one vacancy to ensure there would be at least one female representative at the 'top table' and was then ranged against a candidate viewed as a potential IOC President for the second vacancy.

On 9 October 2009,at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen,after two previous failed attempts, Reedie was elected to the International Olympic Committee's Executive Board. He is the first Briton to have a seat on the board since 1961. He became a Vice-President of the IOC in July 2012.[1]

Beyond his involvement in the Olympic movement, Reedie has been involved in the World Anti-Doping Agency since its foundation in 1999, serving as the inaugural chair of WADA's Finance and Administration Committee and as a member of its Executive Committee and Foundation Board. In November 2013 Reedie was elected as WADA's third president, commencing his three-year term on 1 January 2014.[1]

Honors:

Reedie is a member of the Order of the British Empire, in the rank of Commander, giving him the post-nominal letters CBE.

In 2006 he gained further recognition, with the award of a knighthood from the Queen, gaining the formal title of Sir Craig Reedie, CBE.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Reedie

...The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has confirmed that it has taken possession of samples of blood and plasma bags collected during "Operation Puerto" to continue a joint investigation alongside the International Cycling Union (UCI).

In June, Spanish judge Alejandro Maria Benito ruled that the 211 blood bags, which were collected in 2006 during an investigation into Dr Eufemiano Fuentes, can be examined to see if any of the sportspeople he treated can be identified.

"Following the recent decision by the Madrid Court of Appeal to provide access to the stored Operation Puerto blood and plasma bags of athletes from cycling and other sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) can confirm that, alongside the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), it is now in possession of samples of the blood and plasma bags; and that, the samples are stored in a WADA-accredited laboratory outside of Spain," the statement read.

"WADA and the UCI will continue their joint investigation into Operation Puerto, and will consider all possible legal options. Operation Puerto is a Spanish Police investigation into a doping ring led by Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes.

"In 2006, 211 BLOOD and PLASMA bags were seized from the offices of Dr. Fuentes who was then handed a one-year suspended sentence for endangering public health. The investigation also resulted in anti-doping rule violations for five cyclists; and, led to suspicion of numerous as yet unnamed athletes from other sports that had been treated by Dr. Fuentes.

"For years, WADA asked Spanish authorities to provide the Agency and partner anti-doping organisations with access to the blood and plasma bags so that any anti-doping rule violations could be pursued.

"In April 2013, the Criminal Court of Madrid ordered the destruction of the blood and plasma bags -- a decision that WADA appealed in May 2013. WADA will make no further comment at this time."

Spanish newspaper El Pais has reported that the 211 bags of blood found by police in a freezer belonging to Fuentes correspond to 35 different individuals, 23 cyclists and 12 other sportspeople. Fuentes previously said he worked with footballers, tennis players, track athletes and boxers, but no names from outside cycling have ever been confirmed.

In 2009, France's Le Monde newspaper was found guilty of defamation and fined €300,000 -- reduced to €15,000 by the Spanish supreme court two years later -- for claiming in 2006 that Fuentes had worked with Barcelona, Real Madrid, Valencia and Real Betis.

http://www.espn.com/soccer/spanish-primera-division/story/2909811/wada-to-analyse-operation-puerto-blood-samples-from-2006

Answer:

1) No.

HahaRiiiiiiight wrote:

Health.. wrote:

It's very suspicious how all of a sudden he does his winter training block in Ethiopia

Since the heat came on kenya

And of course he complained about facing East Africans due to their lax testing regime

Well according to Mo's Instagram he's been tested quite a few times in Ethiopia during this training block. I don't think anyone can hide from testers these days, especially guys like him - he's got a target on his back....

....and a GPS bracelet?

I still can't believe he didn't recognize Dave Bedford, when I was last in the UK there were these ads based on Bedford. He disapproved.

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1453115/When-David-Bedfords-patience-finally-ran-out.html

To those asking why he would shift base from Kenya to Ethiopia, I've been told that since ADAK got formed and upped OOC testing in Kenya, it is routine for testers to show up unannounced early in the a.m. to get samples from groggy athletes. Maybe that kind of sleep disruption is bad for training?

I heard a rumour from Mo Farah... that there was actually a Canadian doping doctor involved in the Operation Puerto BLOOD and PLASMA blood doping methods.

https://www.facebook.com/hypo2/photos/a.181731141864880.32731.154386924599302/999936883377631/?type=3

Some concern exists as to whether PRP treatments violate anti-doping rules. As of 2010 it was not clear if local injections of PRP could have a systemic impact on circulating cytokine levels, affecting doping tests and whether PRP treatments have systemic anabolic effects or affect performance.

(In January 2011, the World Anti-Doping Agency removed intramuscular injections of PRP from its PROHIBITED LIST after determining that there is a "lack of any current evidence concerning the use of these methods for purposes of performance enhancement".)

As a concentrated source of blood plasma and autologous conditioned plasma, PRP contains several different growth factors:

platelet-derived growth factor

transforming growth factor beta

fibroblast growth factor

insulin-like growth factor 1

insulin-like growth factor 2

vascular endothelial growth factor

epidermal growth factor

Interleukin 8

keratinocyte growth factor

connective tissue growth factor

"As many have pointed out on the messageboard, just because you have spent some time with someone who is a doper that doesn’t automatically mean you’re also doper."

"As we’ve written about in the past, LetsRun.com founder Weldon Johnson visited DOCTOR ANTHONY GALEA in Canada for treatment, and Galea was later busted for importing HGH into the US and Weldon didn’t dope."

http://www.letsrun.com/news/2016/06/jama-aden-doping-raid-update-might-raid-impact-mo-farah-dibabas-nike/

Galea was one of the first sports medicine physicians to use Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy as a way to treat his patients' injuries. PRP therapy is the process of treating an injury with a concentration of the patient's own blood. Initially, the treatment was used for rehabilitation purposes by spinal surgeons and surgeons performing plastic surgery.[3] PRP may be valuable in enhancing soft-tissue repair and in wound healing.[4] Galea's arrest in 2009 for smuggling human growth hormone (HGH) into the United States raised suspicion... that he might have COMBINED HGH with his PRP therapy.[3]

Treatment of high-profile professional athletes[edit]

Galea's confirmed clients include golfer Tiger Woods, Olympic medalists Dara Torres, Mark McCoy and Donovan Bailey,[5] NFL players Jamal Lewis,[6] Javon Walker, Santana Moss and Chris Simms,[5] and figure skater Patrick Chan.[7] Major League Baseball players Alex Rodriguez, Huston Street and John Patterson have also received treatment from Galea.[8]

According to The New York Times, Galea visited Tiger Woods at the latter's Orlando, Florida home at least four times in February and March 2009 to administer PRP— designed to speed recovery from injuries,[9] and that Woods reportedly responded well to the treatment.[5]

On February 28, 2010, The New York Times reported that Galea treated New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez in March 2009 and that Rodriguez's rehabilitation from hip surgery was overseen by Dr. Mark Lindsay, an associate of Galea.[10]

Legal issues[edit]

Galea was found carrying a stimulant that is banned by the Olympics when he arrived in Sydney during the 2000 Summer Olympics. He was never charged and was allowed to enter the country, but Australian customs seized his medical bag.[11]

On December 15, 2009, The New York Times and the Associated Press reported that Galea was the subject of a joint investigation by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Buffalo Field Office for allegedly providing elite athletes with performance-enhancing drugs,[5] as well as criminal conspiracy.[12] The drugs were Actovegin (legal in Canada, but not the US) and human growth hormone.[5] Galea was arrested in Toronto on October 15, 2009 but never faced charges.[12]

In the United States, Galea was charged with drug smuggling, conspiring to lie to federal agents, unlawful possession with intent to distribute and practising medicine without a licence. On July 6, 2011, Galea pleaded guilty to a lesser charge of bringing mislabelled drugs into the United States for the purpose of treating professional athletes.[13] According to the New York Times and CNN, Galea was convicted of a felony. As part of the plea agreement, he is required to cooperate with investigators and disclose the identities of his clients and their treatments.[13]

On December 16, 2011 Galea was sentenced to one year unsupervised release, and no accompanying jail time (above time already served, one day). He is not allowed to enter the United States without authorization from the United States Department of Homeland Security.[14]

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/health/13tendon.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Galea

This doping conspiracy involves Doper-Cheater-Liar-Frauds™ all over this planet.

Oh boy.

From Legalzoom: "Direct evidence “directly” shows the defendant's guilt, for example, a witness who testifies he saw the defendant committing a crime. Circumstantial evidence, on the other hand, is indirect evidence that may lead to the inference that the defendant committed a crime even though there is no direct proof, for example, a washcloth with the murder victim's DNA found at the defendant's house if the two didn't live together."

It appears for you, only direct evidence such as a positive drug test would "prove" that Farah was taking PEDs, whereas for others here, connecting the dots is sufficient.

It's just a Coincidental Synchronicity™...(for Aragon).

June 2, 1990:

Last February, Dutch cyclist Johannes Draaijer died of cardiac arrest a few days after a physician had declared him fit.

Questions surrounding his death linger in the Netherlands, where bicycles are as prominent as canals.

Draaijer, who finished 20th in last year's Tour de France, is the 15th competitive cyclist from the Netherlands to have died in three years, a statistic that has left medical experts perplexed.

Draaijer's death has become the catalyst for an official examination of the Netherlands' cycling program. The Royal Dutch Cycling Federation hopes to find clues to a mystery that has the international medical community's attention.

The drug, erythropoietin (EPO), can be used as a simple alternative to what is known as blood doping. EPO stimulates red-blood cells to increase their output of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin.

The practice of blood doping involves the removal of two or three pints of blood about two months before competition, and freezing the red-blood cells. Before competition, the red-blood cells are thawed and injected into the system. The boost of red-blood cells increases oxygen supply to the muscles. Laboratory and field studies show gains in endurance of about 5% from this process.

Rob J. Pluijmers, a sportsmedicine doctor involved with Dutch cyclists for 15 years, admitted last week in Salt Lake City that he knows three professionals taking EPO, a recombinant hormone used to treat anemia. He refused to name the athletes, but this is the first official acknowledgement that athletes are using the drug.

Pluijmers, however, denied that any of the 15 deaths could be attributed to erythropoietin.

"There is no reason to think EPO use is involved," said Pluijmers who was visiting the United States to speak to colleagues at the American College of Sports Medicine.

Pluijmers said the cyclists he knows using the drug are from the Netherlands and Belgium. He said the three got the drug from sources in Belgium. One athlete, he said, was taking the drug to treat a medical problem, but the others were using it to enhance performance.

EPO is not yet registered in the Netherlands, although it is widely approved throughout Europe. The Food and Drug Administration approved its use in the United States last June. Amgen, a Thousand Oaks firm, developed the drug here.

Three years ago, physicians and pharmacologists stated their concerns about the abuse of erythropoietin among athletes such as cyclists and distance runners who would benefit from blood doping.

In October of 1989, Dr. Bjorn Ekblom of Stockholm's Institute of Gymnastics and Sport, reported that eight Swedish athletes increased their endurance by 10% after using erythropoietin during a study.

Ekblom, credited with discovering blood doping in 1972, said at the time: "This makes it hard to believe in sports' future."

https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jappl.1972.33.2.175

Ekblom's skepticism is shared by many in the medical community who suspect widespread EPO abuse, although it may be years before they can prove it.

The major concern with EPO is what effects it causes in high dosages. Physicians believe it can cause the blood to become so thick that the heart can no longer pump it. The result would be a heart attack, stroke or blood clot, doctors said.

Although doctors have no evidence of EPO use by U.S. athletes, the USOC's Puffer believes it is a problem.

"It is impossible to know, but I think it is one of our major concerns besides steroids," he said.

http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-02/sports/sp-143_1_performance-enhancing-drug

May 19, 1991:

Physicians say they believe athletes began using EPO almost with the beginning of clinical trials in 1986. Then the deaths began. In 1987 five Dutch racers died suddenly. In 1988 a Belgian and two more Dutch riders died. In 1989 five more Dutch riders died, and last year three Belgians and two Dutch riders died.

"I began hearing about EPO two to three years ago through the grapevine in running circles," said John Treacy, a silver medalist in the 1984 Olympic marathon. "The story was there was this new drug that would take over from blood doping, and that it was much better."

Len Pettyjohn, coach of the Coors Light cycling team, which is competing in the 11-day Tour Du Pont in the Middle Atlantic States this week, said: "We've all heard about EPO. I could only speculate on its use now, but it wouldn't surprise me. I don't think any Americans are using it, but anybody doing something like that is certainly not going to talk about it." Education Program Started

Jan Gisbers of the Netherlands, coach of the PDM team, which is also competing in the race, said he had not heard of anyone in cycling using the drug. Any rider on his team who used any medical substance without the approval of the team's doctors would be dropped from the team, he said.

https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/19/us/stamina-building-drug-linked-to-athletes-deaths.html

https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/historic/32010549.html

http://athleticsillustrated.com/editorial/jos-hermens-i-have-never-been-involved-or-assisted-any-athlete-at-anytime-to-dope/

http://www.athleticsweekly.com/blog/galaxy-of-stars-attend-global-sports-communications-anniversary-41484

http://1gr.cz/fotky/idnes/16/012/cl6/TEN609f8d_5d9827989ce9440f823409972d04c9f9_0.jpg

ha ha ha

Urine Specimen wrote:

Aren't you allowed to miss two tests before WADA gets nervous? ?

Only if, I cite directly from the code, he had "compelling justification" to miss the tests. Unfortunately UKAD considered his "not hearing the doorbell", and ignoring the tester's shouting, knocking and calling for the required 60 minutes, as "compelling justification" instead of banning him on the spot.

Both IAAF and WADA accepted UKAD's assessment of "not hearing the doorbell", and ignoring the tester's shouting, knocking and calling for the required 60 minutes, as "compelling justification"... same old, same old...

casual obsever wrote:

Both IAAF and WADA accepted UKAD's assessment of "not hearing the doorbell", and ignoring the tester's shouting, knocking and calling for the required 60 minutes, as "compelling justification"... same old, same old...

As we all know, that was 2011. Had UKAD or IAAF or WADA been tough on doping back then, the whole Farah dominance saga would never have begun. Pretty comparable to Armstrong, who should have been banned in 1999 after his positive tests, but no... same old, same old...

The "compelling reason" bit is only for evading testing or refusing to give a sample:-

"2.3 Evading, Refusing or Failing to Submit to Sample Collection

Evading Sample collection, or without compelling justification, refusing or failing to submit to Sample collection after notification as authorized in applicable anti-doping rules."

There is a completely separate category of "whereabouts failures" in the Code, with the three strikes provisions included there.

Clearly there is a hurdle to be crossed where a whereabouts failure becomes an evasion, but all you need is a plausible explanation for not being contactable in the place you logged on the whereabouts system to clear that hurdle.

If you simply can't get hold of the athlete, and there is no prima facie evidence of them deliberately trying to not be where they should be, the compelling justification bit is irrelevant.

larkimm wrote:

The "compelling reason" bit is only for evading testing or refusing to give a sample:-

You think? Yet it explicitly includes "failing to submit":

"2.3 Evading, Refusing or Failing to Submit to Sample Collection

Evading Sample collection, or without compelling justification, refusing or failing to submit to Sample collection after notification as authorized in applicable anti-doping rules."

How can you fail to submit if you didn't know the testers were at the door? That's not what I think, it's what the rules say.

It's to account for the fact that if the testers turn up and they can't contact you for whatever reason (you're not there, you don't hear the doorbell, you've cocked up whereabouts etc) you get three strikes.

Even if it were the case that Farah was in fact deliberately evading answering the door on that one day, how on earth do you go about proving it? Same would apply to absolutely every single missed test, unless you had some very good verifiable excuse like you were called away to a family emergency etc.

A missed test with a plausible explanation is a missed test it is NOT evading or refusing to give a sample UNLESS YOU HAVE SPECIFIC EVIDENCE TO THE CONTRARY. And I offer you the chance to produce that EVIDENCE.

casual obsever wrote:

casual obsever wrote:

Both IAAF and WADA accepted UKAD's assessment of "not hearing the doorbell", and ignoring the tester's shouting, knocking and calling for the required 60 minutes, as "compelling justification"... same old, same old...

As we all know, that was 2011. Had UKAD or IAAF or WADA been tough on doping back then, the whole Farah dominance saga would never have begun. Pretty comparable to Armstrong, who should have been banned in 1999 after his positive tests, but no... same old, same old...

Go Chargers:

Metandienone was originally developed in 1955 by CIBA and marketed in Germany and the United States.[1][5][2][6][7] As the CIBA product Dianabol, metandienone quickly became the first widely used AAS among professional and amateur athletes, and remains the most common orally active AAS for non-medical use.[8][6][9][10] It is currently a controlled substance in the United States[11] and United Kingdom[12] and remains popular among bodybuilders. Metandienone is readily available without a prescription in certain countries such as Mexico, and is also manufactured in some Asian countries.[4]

Metandienone was formerly approved and marketed for the treatment of hypogonadism, but has since been discontinued and withdrawn in most countries, including in the United States.[13][2][4]

Metandienone was first described in 1955.[1] It was synthesized by researchers at the CIBA laboratories in Basel, Switzerland. CIBA filed for a U.S. patent in 1957,[21] and began marketing the drug as Dianabol in 1958 in the U.S.[1][22] It was initially prescribed to burn victims and the elderly. It was also prescribed off-label as a pharmaceutical performance enhancement to weight lifters and other athletes.[23]

Early adopters included players for Oklahoma University and San Diego Chargers head coach Sid Gillman, who administered Dianabol to his team starting in 1963.[24]

For more than 40 years, the story of the 1963 Chargers has been as follows: They endured a comically hellish training camp, romped through the American Football League regular season behind a legendary offensive line, enjoyed the glorious play of wide receiver Lance Alworth, and won the AFL championship 51-10 over the Boston Patriots.

The approach to Rough Acres looks foreboding, even today. ESPN

It is the only professional championship San Diego has ever celebrated.

By the early '60s, the pills were coming to football no matter what. Already, at least two high school football programs had given Dianabol to players, says historian Matt Chaney, the author of "Spiral of Denial: Muscle Doping in American Football." And the late Bob Waters of the San Francisco 49ers said he and a few unnamed teammates experimented with Dianabol in 1962.

But the 1963 Chargers put things together like no one else.

"They definitely were the first," Chaney says. "Nobody did it in a systematic way like that."

Scientists began experimenting with testosterone injections in the 1920s, realizing the drug could boost a person's strength and size while it helped the body's healing process. They created the first synthetic versions in the 1930s, and sometime in the 1950s Soviet athletes started dabbling in it.

The American awakening began in 1954 when a Maryland physician named John Ziegler, who worked with the U.S. national weightlifting team, was at the world championships in Vienna and had drinks with a Soviet doctor at the hotel bar. That doctor told him the Soviet lifters were using testosterone.

Ziegler, according to historian John D. Fair, tried injecting Western athletes with it for years, but was discouraged by the results.

In 1958, the Ciba pharmaceutical company in Geneva developed an artificial form of testosterone called methandrostenolone. Ciba called it "Dianabol" and sold it in pill form.

Ziegler started experimenting with it and, before the 1960 Olympics in Rome, he told his friend Bob Hoffman, the coach of the U.S. weightlifting team, that American lifters should start taking it if they wanted to catch up to the Soviets. Hoffman had his doubts, and the lifters themselves weren't sure there was any point to taking a pill, either. So they competed clean, and were crushed. The Soviets took five of seven possible gold medals; the United States took one.

From that point on, the U.S. team used Dianabol as part of its training.

The trainer on that team was Roy, who had fought in the Battle of the Bulge with the Army's 94th Infantry and organized athletic events in Europe after the war.

Hoffman was perhaps the pivotal figure in this country's weightlifting history. He started the York barbell company in his hometown of York, Pa., and, with Roy, had trained military and civilian athletes with weights long before they ever heard of Dianabol.

"Sid looked at [the medical literature with safety warnings] for a couple of minutes and he threw it on the ground and said, 'What do these guys know? They don't know anything about football. They're doctors,'" he says.

ha ha ha

casual obsever wrote

Had UKAD or IAAF or WADA been tough on doping back then, the whole Farah dominance saga would never have begun. Pretty comparable to Armstrong, who should have been banned in 1999 after his positive tests, but no... same old, same old...[/quote]

LOL you sound butt hurt that MO dominated long distance running on the track the last few yrs

I thought you only get banned after 3 missed tests ? no?

Again, the tester was supposed to try to get Farah's attention for a full 60 minutes by all means available, including calling his phone(s) and knocking. The doorbell is thus an incomplete excuse.

Exactly, a "very good verifiable excuse", or you provide "compelling evidence". It is not me who shall produce evidence that Farah had no "very good verifiable excuse", even though you were so kind to provide me the chance to deliver evidence, all capitalized, wow.

I disagree that the doorbell was a "plausible explanation" - but yeah, something like that is needed, obviously, and UKAD accepted a quiet doorbell as such. Obviously the doorbell does not explain why Farah neither heard the knocking nor the phone.

Come on, you can't really argue that a quiet doorbell stops Farah's phone from functioning.

And I note that you again omit the "failing to submit" part, though that is explicitly mentioned twice in 2.3.

tony the tiger wrote:

I thought you only get banned after 3 missed tests ? no?

Not necessarily. That rule only applies if you had acceptable excuses for missing test 1 and test 2 and test 3.

I'm sorry if you don't follow this but this is the logic:-

- you tell me you're going to be at home between 10-11am every day for the next 30 days so I can get a urine sample

- I turn up at your door at 10:30am and then carry on ringing your doorbell for 60 minutes

- you do not answer

I contact you by phone later in the day to let you know I tried to come, and you have a 100% recollection that you were in the house at 10:30am and what you were doing at the time (though .

Have you

a) refused to give a sample or

b) failed to submit a sample or

c) failed to respond to the doorbell

As the tester I have no way of knowing the reason for you failing to answer the doorbell. Therefore all that I can conclude is that you have failed to respond to the doorbell. I do not know why, and beyond asking you why have no reason, on the balance of probabilities, to determine that either a) or b) are the case.

Now, if the scenario above is as described but whilst I am ringing the doorbell I see you, or someone looking like you, peering out from a closed pair of curtains but still not answering the door I may well begin to suspect that you are deliberately not answering the doorbell, and that may lead you to conclude that I am refusing to give a sample. That would be worthy of investigation and in that case it might be reasonable for the authorities to say that provision 2.3 of the Code is violated.

But unless I have any insight into your intent for not answering the doorbell, all I can do is make enquiries as to why you didn't answer the doorbell and determine whether that fits the criteria of refusing or failing to submit a sample. If you give me a plausible explanation I have no basis for forming any other judgement about why you did not answer the doorbell - I can't see into your mind.

This logic for whereabouts violations applies to every incident and is the reason why there are three strikes - once is excusable, twice is careless, three times is inexcusable and forms a clear pattern.

(And on the point of the phone, I believe that it is the case that phone calls are not used to track down whereabouts individuals because this has the potential for giving undue fore-warning and the chance to empty their bladders out of sight of the testers to make testing difficult. I could be wrong about this, but I'm fairly sure that is the case - it came up in the Lizzie Armstrong whereabouts violations I think when she was at a hotel and the testers refused to use the hotel telephone system to call her, but weren't allowed up to her room by hotel staff, and it was an obvious question as to why they hadn't just done what you or I would do if you wanted to get in touch with someone in a hotel).