All the best Kenyan use the same course for the fastest 40 km before the race.
The course start at an elevation of 2020m, there are 20 km hilly finishing at 2195m, then they turn coming back.
This means the second half is globally downhill, and normally becomes faster than the first half of one minute - one and half minute.
I consider the difference per km, compared with the same effort at sea level on tarmac, of about 6 seconds : 3 seconds for the altitude (no more, for athletes born and living at the same altitude, or higher), and 3 seconds for the lack of grip (they run on rough roads, with training shoes, and normally the difference between one km on tarmac and one km on rough road is about 3 secs).
The best times ever in that course are :
Wilson Kipsang 2:03:32, 5 weeks before the WR in Berlin (2:03:23)
Abel Kirui 2:04:57 before London 2012 (when he had helycobacter)
Abel Kirui 2:05:57 before Chicago 2016 (he won)
Moses Mosop 2:07:15 in 2011 before Boston, when he ran 2:03:06: Till that time, nobody had run under 2:10, but after his training many athletes started to run 40 km very much faster than before.
Geoffrey Kirui ran 2:07:30 before winning Boston this year.
About the ladies, we have Mary Keitany in 2:18:36 before winning London in 2012 (2:18:37), Rita Jeptoo in 2:19:32 before winning Boston 2014, Florence Kiplagat 2:20:13 before winning Chicago last year.
We can say that, at 98% of effort, athletes can run about the same time they can have in competition.
This means that, from 40 to 30 days before the race, all the best runners in the world can run 40 km at 96-98% of max Marathon pace :
The time of Wilson (2:03:32), if we consider the difference of 6 seconds per km, can be like 1:59:30 - 2 hours at sea level, and this means a full Marathon between 2:06:20 and 2:07. If we compare this with the final performance of 2:03:23, we can see a difference of about 3 minutes, that in percentage is between 2.5 and 3% of the Marathon Speed.
This is the most important training before a Marathon, and the main reason of the difference in the performances between African and American runners in Marathon, when they have the same value in shorter distances.
A well trained Kenyan with 28:00 PB in 10 km can run 2:07, a "well trained" American with 28:00 is happy to run 2:11, because his long run NEVER is at the level of the final goal (both as speed and distance).