Skeptical friend wrote:
A lot of treadmills aren't calibrated accurately and without the wind resistance, running on a treadmill is physically easier at the same speed. Its like running with a 10 mph wind at your back
IF it's perfectly calibrated for both distance and incline and IF the treadmill has a firm platform then yes, it's somewhat easier than running outside. But I think those are big if's.
In my experience most treadmills tend to feel much more difficult than running outside -- under reported distance, more incline, and mushy platform that makes it feel more like running on grass or the beach than a track. Occasionally I'll hit one that's calibrated wrong the other way and feels super easy, but for me that tends to be the exception. (Note: I use a bunch of different ones on a regular basis, because I travel a lot; I'm talking almost entirely about ones you'll find in hotels. Maybe gyms do a better job? I haven't had a membership for many years.)
I think the main point here is that most treadmills are probably even less accurate than the average GPS watch. Any workout on a treadmill should be done by time and perceived effort, unless you know for certain that it has been properly calibrated. A footpod might help too but I've never tried one so I can't speak to that.