The difference between proper 10k training and that of marathoning are not substantially different. To be successful at both, you need to put in enough mileage, do enough tempo runs at paces that are just slower than 10k pace, do long intervals at close to race pace, do some max VO2 training, improve running economy at racing pace, and just enough speed to never worry about not having enough to surge or kick.
For the 10k, I think you will find that once you establish a strong weekly or bi-weekly schedule of mileage and long runs at modest paces, the most importan to types of training you can do are threshold type workouts and intervals at improve aerobic power (5k pace down to 2k pace). If you didn't have time to do everything, just run reps at your current 10k pace plus or minus 5-10 seconds with sufficient jogs to get in enough reps to run at least 200 minutes per workout. Literally, I think that a person can reach about 90-95% of maximum 10k ability if they did the mileage and the long interval workouts close to race pace in enough volume. I emphasize long intervals because too many people, I think do shorter intervals at faster paces but find they stalemate in progress despite the repetition times improving. You simply can't fake improvements with long reps. If your previous 4 x 2km workout was at 80 seconds per 400m with 400m slow jogs between at 85% effort and now you can run 77-78 with the same effort, then you can be confident that your ready to run a faster 10km race. On the other hand, if you started doing 800s at 80 second pace and in a matter of 4 weeks you are running 75s, I am certain that you are not going to run a bunch faster in a 10km race. Your speed has improved, but that doesn't usually corrlate to significant changes in 10k performance like the improved times on long reps do. Ideally, you want to balance faster reps of modest distance with not quite as fast reps that are longer. I really don't think you can go wrong alternating 1000s or 1200s as 3k-5k pace with 1500-2000s at 8km to 10km pace.
I think that you also could really have outstanding transtional training success with doing workouts that put you at a pace that would take you about 45 minutes to do in a race, which is just a bit faster than LT pace; slightly faster than LT is better at improving LT than actual LT training.