After someone really blows up at you for no good reason, is it possible to salvage/repair the relationship?

I think it depends on whom that person was to you (friend, relative, etc). My father unleashed on me twice: once when I was in college, once later I my adult life. Both times I was doing quite well, and in hindsight maybe he was going through some things. Regardless, he said some extremely harsh, critical, and even condescending things, all out of nowhere and with no context. As you said, I could not see him the same after that and I did damage our relationship pretty irreparably, and he never seemed to have the slightest idea as to why. Given he was my dad however, I did my best to forgive him and we did maintain a relationship, however tenuous. Looking back I think he struggled with a lot of his own issues stemming from harsh and critical parents.
In the case of a friend however, I’d have to question how much of a friend they really are. I’d make the effort to see where they might be coming from, but if you’re really in someone’s corner, you don’t cut them down for succeeding.
I’m no expert, humans are weird.

Harsh words from someone you're close to can have a lasting negative impact on your relationship. My brother criticized me once, and kind of affected our relationship. Although I forgave him, things were never the same.

Personally I have trouble with it. Always walking on eggshells wondering what the next trigger will be after that. Makes me not excited to see them anymore.

Is your hope to have a lifelong relationship with this person? If you are married you need to work through this together. If you did not marry this person or have a child with this person, I would strongly consider moving along. It does not sound healthy for either of you.

My decades old running group had friend who went over-the top into politics and conspiracy thinking. Our running group generally avoided discussing politics, but one day he asked who I supported and I committed the crime of not supporting his guy. Next thing he’s telling everybody I hate America and I’m a Marxist. I’m not too heartbroken if this relationship is not salvaged, but am sad the guy I thought I knew for half my life no longer exists.

I would attempt to salvage it if they had been a good friend prior and they were currently going through personal issues. No one is perfect. However, if they were not at all sorry for what they said, didn't think that there was any issue with it and did not care that it had been upsetting, I think that's a different matter.

In that scenario they had a reason---not a great one but a reason nonetheless.

Watch A man called Otto...

A great movie, cried like a baby.

That's how I have felt with the people who have blown up at me. Even if I forgave them, things were never the same. It's like you never really can respect them or be "pals" with them again. I was wondering if I was unique in feeling this way, but I guess it's pretty much the norm. I guess the lesson here is to try very hard not to blow up wildly at people because you're essentially terminating your relationship with them for the rest of your life.

My friends give me the middle finger all the time and it makes me laugh. It's hard to offend me.

Have you ever blown up at someone? Maybe that person could use a friend.

It's called verbal abuse and if it happens a lot then you're a victim. It might be that you have something to do with it, but regardless if it's something that happens regularly then it's not good for either of you. Not for someone who feels so annoyed or angry that they lose composure, and not for you.

If it starts happening again just say "hey I don't like how you're talking to me" and if they continue then get out of there.