Surprised that nobody mentioned C# or Python.
Often, the language is specific to the type of app being developed: Web, Windows interface, Unix, batch utilities, etc.
As a beginner, I would stay away from C and C++ and use something like C# or Java if you have a user interface. Java can be a bit squirrely under Windows but has a great library and there are lots of jobs out there for Java programmers.
SQL is great if you have a structured database.
Even a tool like Excel is a programming language. I use Excel as much as possible for not-too-complex list-oriented results. Plus, it can be exported into various formats.