In October 2015 I was called by Vadim Zelechenok, at that time functioning as Chairman of Russian Federation "ad interim", for going Moscow for a clinic, with the goal to explain Russian coaches "how it's possible running fast in clean way". When I arrived Moscow, Vadim and Yuriy Borzakovskiy honestly explained me that there was a serious problem of doping in Russia, because doping was "part of the training plans" and was not administrated by doctors, but directly by coaches, maintaining the behavior of the old Soviet Union.
The main used doping regarded steroids, not EPO, and for that reason the best advantages where in events lasting no longer than 10 minutes, where the level of muscular strength had more importance.
Every doped athlete was guilty about steroids. In some case (for example, some marathon runner as Shobukhova) there was also EPO, but this substance had the goal to support a percentage of the aerobic power (no higher than 90% of what possible to reach with training only, but in shorter time) at the base of the increase of specific training.
In all this picture, my first approach with Russian coaches was to point out the fact that NO RUSSIAN DISTANCE RUNNERS, with all their sophisticated doping strategy, was able to run in 2015 fast as Vladimir Kuts in 1957 (13'35" WR alone in Rome) or Pyotr Bolotnikov in 1960-62 (Olympic Gold in Rome and WR of 10000 in 28'18"). What I explained is that Russian coaches, such as many other coaches in different Countries in the World, FORGOT THE HISTORY OF ATHLETICS OF THEIR OWN COUNTRY, cancelling the basic knowledge that allowed athletes running fast 60 years ago, and replacing it with a "doping culture" that in the endurance events doesn't produce real advantages, apart the mental idea that, using these substances, you can train more and can recovery quicker.
Different is the case of doped Kenyans. At first, 41 doped in 6 years, considering a population of more than 1000 runners around the world, is absolutely inside the average of doped athletes in every Country. But, most important, it's possible to see how this doping is casual, including different substances without a real strategy. Many athletes were very weak for the Kenyan parameters, and were caught in small races (mainly South America of Asia) with very little prizes. Many of these athletes didn't have any manager. Many of them were positive for taking some medicine for flu or cough. The most part were women.
Which is the difference between doped men and doped women ? Men go directly to ask for PEDs, finding unethical doctors supporting them in that direction. Women NEVER ask for some PED, but accept without discussing what their coach (that in the most part of cases is their husband, normally not a coach) gives them, saying it's something legal for supporting their training.
I well understand we can't, and we must not, apply different penalties to doped athletes, if they ASK directly, or ACCEPT from other people, but, under moral point of view, there is a deep difference between the two behaviors : one thing is TO LOOK FOR DOPING, another thing to accept everything it's administrated, or because there is excess of confidence in the husband-coach, or because there is not real interest in what they are doing.
The managements don't have, generally, any control on their athletes, when the training is over. The most part of athletes go back in their houses, only few remain in their training camp for the night. In Kapsabet, that is the center of the doping scandal in Kenya, athletes like Jemima, Purity Rionoripo, Visiline Jepkesho, Agnes Barsosio (all athletes running impressive times in Paris) go in the camp for the time of the day connected with their training only, and later go home. Nobody can control what they do when alone, and under this point of view the management don't have any responsibility, apart the one to choose wrong local persons for following the athletes.
So, while I well know there is a doping problem (not in Kenya, but mainly in Kapsabet), that really nobody in the old Federation wanted to face (I spoke about this directly with Isaia Kiplagat in 2012, giving also the names of one doctor who everybody knew was a cheater, and the answer was "this is not a problem for a mzungu"), I refuse to look at "Kenyans" as doped athletes, since I know very well what the best athletes think about doping. To think every top Kenyan athlete is doped, and to ask to demonstrate you are clean, is a total nonsense : it's like to ask everybody doing his own job to demonstrate that is honest, while the right thing is to be honest, and is task of who has some doubt to demonstrate he is not honest.