This is NOT TRUE...let me repeat NOT TRUE on all counts. I train dogs for personal protection. The dogs will be attached to your leg, nuts, forearm, underarm, calf, or whatever body part he can get a hold of (depending on the training) and be wagging his tail the whole time. They are wagging their tail because they are happy doing what they were trained to do whether it was intentional training or unintentional. A good example of unintentional training is the bad man in the blue suit who takes/adds something to your metal box at the end of the yard every day.
DO NOT CONTINUE TO RUN...if running is what got the dog to come towards you for a bite, why would you think that continuing to run will make it any better??? MOST (not all) of the time, you are getting chased because the dog is prey driven. If you quit running you are no longer prey. But, that doesn't mean you're not going to get bit either if you stop.
Stop, turn around and confront the dog. Do not make eye contact with the dog but look past it, or over it. Eye contact for certain dogs will get you munched quickly. More than 1.5 second eye contact from a stranger with my american bulldog will get you munched if I'm not around.
My guess is you'll be able to spook most of the dogs trying to chase you with a handfull of gravel. Hitting them with a singular rock might work (assuming you don't throw like a girl and have good accuracy under stress), and it might not. A dust cloud of sandy dirt/rocks will be more effective if you can find it. Include a loud, firm NO when you throw it.
If a dog is seriously going to bite you, give it a target other than your body. Pull off your shirt, grab a stick, newspaper, etc... Play tug with it briefly and let it win. Slowly walk backwards without making eye contact but keep him in your sight in case a second attack might happen.
You are not going to beat off (haha) a pissed off dog. You are only going to make him angrier. Luckily, most people who train their dog for protection, guarding, etc...are people make sure their dog doesn't get out of their yard, house, or kennel.
There are way more details and plenty more options, but to try and list every scenario/option is impossible.